The Evaluation of Rock Mass Characteristics against Seepage for Sustainable Infrastructure Development

• Published in: Sustainability 2022-08, Vol.14 (16), p.10109
• Main Authors: Khurshid, Muhammad Nasir, Khan, Ammad Hassan, Rehman, Zia ur, Chaudhary, Tahir Sultan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adits; Analysis; Anisotropy; Classification; Compression; Design and construction; Electric properties; Embankments; Engineering geology; Environmental aspects; Evaluation; Forecasts and trends; Geology; Green infrastructure; Hydraulics; Hydrogeology; Infrastructure; Infrastructure (Economics); Laboratories; Laboratory tests; Massachusetts; Mechanical engineering; Mechanical properties; Modulus of elasticity; Ore deposits; Pakistan; Petrography; Researchers; Rock masses; Rock mechanics; Rocks; Rocks, Sedimentary; Sediment deposits; Sedimentary rocks; Seepage; Sustainable development; Testing; Weights & measures
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su141610109

The determination of rock seepage characteristics is a complex phenomenon due to the variability, discontinuities, and formation age of rocks. The available literature on rock mechanics covers empirical relationships and approaches for the estimation of seepage characteristics from the rock mass parameters. In this study, an area comprising of infrastructure such as a water reservoir, embankments, roads, etc., constructed on mix rock mass formations was selected. The field and laboratory tests’ geo-mechanical data for the study area were evaluated. The data obtained from the field geo-mechanical engineering tests like Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Rock Core Recovery, Lugeon, etc., were analyzed. The data retrieved from the geological and geotechnical laboratory tests such as petrography, uniaxial compression, Hoek shear, elastic modulus, etc., were also evaluated. Rock mass was characterized based on petrographic and RQD, and was found in the hybrid formation of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary deposits. Seepage analysis in the study area was also carried out based on adit and piezometric data (installed in accordance with the mining technology guidelines), using Seep W Finite Element Method (FEM). The seepage observed in adits were compared with seepage calculated from Seep W. The trend of simulated flux was also presented against K ratio. Seepage quantities for different ranges of K ratio were plotted to evaluate interdependency between seepage and K ratio. Correlations of RQD were developed with hydraulic conductivity “k” for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks for quick assessment of seepage characteristics of rock mass by RQD. These correlations and seepage related evaluations will be beneficial for the characterization of rock mass in relation to seepage for sustainable infrastructure development.