The effect of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of friction‐stir welded API 5L X70 pipeline steels

• Published in: Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 2022-10, Vol.45 (10), p.3009-3024
• Main Authors: Giarola, Joseane M., Avila, Julian A., Cintho, Osvaldo M., Pinto, Haroldo C., Oliveira, Marcelo F., Bose Filho, Waldek W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: API 5L X70; Base metal; Ductile fracture; Ductile-brittle transition; Fracture mechanics; Fracture toughness; Friction; Friction stir welding; Gas pipelines; Heat treating; High strength low alloy steels; Hydrogen; Hydrogen atoms; Hydrogen charging; Hydrogen embrittlement; Mechanical properties; Microstructure; Steel; Structural steels
• ISSN: 8756-758X; 1460-2695
• DOI: 10.1111/ffe.13799

The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) leads to severe steel degradation of mechanical properties. The hydrogen atoms diffuse into the steel and get positioned into reversible and irreversible trap sites. The pipe to transport oil and gas needs to be welded to construct long‐distance pipeline projects; thus, friction‐stir welding (FSW) has proven an excellent alternative to joining these pipelines. Therefore, this work assessed and analyzed the influence of hydrogen on the microstructure and fracture toughness of API 5L X70 steel welded by friction‐stir welding. The in‐service conditions were simulated by charging the specimen electrolytically in a 3.5% NaCl water solution with an intensity current of 2 mA·cm−2. According to fracture toughness tests, the base metal (BM) was more affected by hydrogen embrittlement than the friction‐stir zone (SZ), with a fracture toughness reduction of 20% after hydrogen charging. The SZ fracture toughness did not statistically show changes in hydrogen charging by the used times; however, the fracture mechanism changed from ductile to brittle‐like after 4 days of charging. The SZ depicted a better fracture toughness than BM due to the bainitic microstructure, a significant amount of irreversible hydrogen trapping. Highlights The influence of hydrogen embrittlement on the FSW welded steel joints was studied. Fracture toughness on hydrogen embrittlement is affected by FSW microstructure. The hydrogen charging reduces the ductility in the FSW steel joints. The embrittlement affected the base metal more than the stir zone.