Massive MIMO With Radio Stripes for Indoor Wireless Energy Transfer

Radio frequency wireless energy transfer (WET) is a promising solution for powering autonomous Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. In this work, we leverage energy beamforming for powering multiple user equipments (UEs) with stringent energy harvesting (EH) demands in an indoor distributed massive...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on wireless communications 2022-09, Vol.21 (9), p.7088-7104
Main Authors: Lopez, Onel L. A., Kumar, Dileep, Souza, Richard Demo, Popovski, Petar, Tolli, Antti, Latva-Aho, Matti
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Array signal processing
Beamforming
Downlink
Electromagnetic fields
EMF radiation exposure
energy beamforming
Energy harvesting
Energy transfer
Internet of Things
Lead
Massive MIMO
Multiple access
Power consumption
Power transfer
Radiation
Radiation effects
Radio
radio stripes
Time Division Multiple Access
Training
Uplink
Wireless communication
wireless energy transfer
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Summary:Radio frequency wireless energy transfer (WET) is a promising solution for powering autonomous Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. In this work, we leverage energy beamforming for powering multiple user equipments (UEs) with stringent energy harvesting (EH) demands in an indoor distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output system. Based on semi-definite programming, successive convex approximation (SCA), and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) techniques, we derive optimal and sub-optimal precoders aimed at minimizing the radio stripes' transmit power while exploiting information of the power transfer efficiency of the EH circuits at the UEs. Moreover, we propose an analytical framework to assess and control the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure in the considered indoor scenario. Numerical results show that i) the EMF radiation exposure can be more easily controlled at higher frequencies at the cost of a higher transmit power consumption, ii) training is not a very critical factor for the considered indoor system, iii) MRT/SCA-based precoders are particularly appealing when serving a small number of UEs, thus, especially suitable for implementation in a time domain multiple access (TDMA) scheduling framework, and iv) TDMA is more efficient than spatial domain multiple access (SDMA) when serving a relatively small number of UEs. Results suggest that additional boosting performance strategies are needed to increase the overall system efficiency, thus making the technology viable in practice.
ISSN:1536-1276
1558-2248
DOI:10.1109/TWC.2022.3154428