Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrate(II) Complexes as Catalysts in the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO2 and Propylene Oxide

• Published in: Topics in catalysis 2022-09, Vol.65 (13-16), p.1541-1555
• Main Authors: Penche, Guillermo, González-Marcos, M. Pilar, González-Velasco, Juan R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ammonia; Amorphous materials; Butanol; Carbon dioxide; Catalysis; Catalysts; Catalytic activity; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Copolymerization; Copolymers; Crystal structure; Crystallinity; Electron microscopy; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Iron; Lewis acid; Liquid chromatography; Microscopy; Molecular weight; Nanocrystals; NMR spectroscopy; Original Paper; Pharmacy; Physical Chemistry; Polyether carbonate; Ring opening polymerization; Selectivity; Solid phases; Spectroscopic analysis; Spectrum analysis; Titration; Transition metals
• ISSN: 1022-5528; 1572-9028
• DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01628-z

The catalytic activity of four transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) complexes (Ni 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ], Co 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ], KFe[Fe(CN) 6 ] and Zn 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ]) in the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO 2 and propylene oxide (PO) is reported here for the first time and compared with that of other hexacyanometallate compounds. Complexes were prepared by coprecipitation employing tert -butanol as complexing agent. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N 2 physisorption were used to confirm the identity of the obtained materials. Except for Zn 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ], which showed an amorphous nature, the complexes were constituted by aggregates of cubic nanocrystals with intra-crystalline micropores and inter-crystalline mesopores. Gas–solid phase titration with NH 3 revealed the high potential of hexacyanoferrates as Lewis acid catalysts. In the case of Zn 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ], the lack of structural organization led to an extremely high density of acid sites (43 μmol m −2 ). The resulting copolymers were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The studied transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) catalysts showed mild activity in the target reaction, giving rise to polyethercarbonates with moderate CO 2 content (9.3–18.1 wt%), random configuration (67.0–92.4% of polyethercarbonate linkages), modest molecular weights (M W , g mol −1  = 3400–20,200) and high dispersity (Đ M  = 4.0–5.4). Cyclic propylene carbonate (PC) was also produced (1.4–19.8 wt%). Among all, the Co 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] complex stands as a potential catalyst for CO 2 /PO ROCOP due to its high CO 2 uptake, selectivity and molecular weight of the obtained copolymer.