Large Wood in Small Channels: A 20‐Year Study of Budgets and Piece Mobility in Two Redwood Streams

• Published in: Water resources research 2022-11, Vol.58 (11), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Lininger, K. B., Hilton, S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Budgets; Catchment area; Catchments; Coastal inlets; Creeks; Creeks & streams; Datasets; Dynamics; Ecological effects; Entrainment; fluvial geomorphology; Geomorphology; headwater streams; Headwaters; High flow; instream large wood; Logging; Mobility; Rivers; Slopes; Storms; Streams; Surveys; Trees; watershed management; Winds; Winter storms; Wood; wood budgets
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2022WR033047

Large wood (LW) influences geomorphic and ecological processes. However, most field data sets describing LW dynamics are conducted over the span of only a few years. We present a unique long‐term data set from northern California, USA of LW volumes, inputs, and transport in two small headwater streams, the North Fork (NF) and South Fork (SF) of Caspar Creek. We used data collected approximately every 2 years from 1998 to 2018 to assess how LW budgets change over time between catchments, what factors influence inputs from standing trees to the streams, and controls on LW piece mobility. We find that the SF, which experienced stream‐side logging and instream wood removal in the 1970s, continued to have lower LW volumes (range of 101–153 m3 km−1 over the 20‐year period) compared to the NF (range of 297–313 m3 km−1), which experienced logging in the 1980s but with buffer strips left near the channel. If current trends continue, it will likely take ∼100–200 years from the time of logging for the SF to reach NF instream wood volumes. We show that windstorms combined with precipitation events, very high winds, and hillslope steepness are strongly associated with LW piece inputs from standing trees. LW moves infrequently in the channel, with piece characteristics, the number of wood pieces per meter surrounding an LW piece, and discharge metrics influencing LW entrainment and displacement lengths. Our data set provides strong support to previously identified controls on LW dynamics in streams while also capturing variability over a 20‐year period. Plain Language Summary Wood in rivers affects both physical processes and ecological processes, such as habitat creation. Long‐term field data sets are important for understanding how the amount of wood in streams changes over time, how standing trees enter the channel, and how wood moves. However, most field data on wood in streams were collected in the span of just a few years. We present a field data set of repeat wood surveys in the channel for two streams in northern California, USA. Wood and wood inputs were measured every 2 years over a 20‐year period. With these data, we demonstrate that intensive logging near the stream on the South Fork of Caspar Creek from 1968 to 1973 is still resulting in lower wood volumes in that channel compared to the North Fork of Caspar Creek, which was logged further from the channel from 1988 to 1991. The frequency of winter storms and the steepness of adjacent hillslopes also influe