Differentiation of Self and Cultural Competence: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature

• Published in: Practice innovations (Washington, D.C.) D.C.), 2023-03, Vol.8 (1), p.50-61
• Main Authors: Hook, Joshua N., Hodge, Adam S., Sandage, Steven J., Davis, Don E., Van Tongeren, Daryl R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Autonomy; Clinical Practice; Competence; Cultural Competence; Empirical Methods; Human; Humility; Multiculturalism; Psychologists
• ISSN: 2377-889X; 2377-8903
• DOI: 10.1037/pri0000196

It is important for psychologists to engage cultural differences in an effective manner. Thus, it is critical to examine personal characteristics that might help psychologists develop cultural competence. The current article reviewed empirical studies that examined the relationship between differentiation of self and cultural competence. Differentiation of self refers to the ability to self-define (i.e., identify and articulate one's beliefs, values, and goals) while remaining emotionally connected to others who may be different. Interpersonally, individuals with high differentiation of self are able to balance autonomy and connectedness. Eight empirical studies were reviewed; most studies reported a positive relationship between differentiation of self and cultural competence. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium. Potential moderators included (a) different components of differentiation of self, (b) different ways that cultural competence is assessed, and (c) demographic characteristics of participants. We conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for clinical practice. Clinical Impact Statement This literature review found that differentiation of self (i.e., being able to identify and articulate one's own beliefs, values, and goals while remaining emotionally connected to those who may be different) may be an important characteristic for psychologists who want to develop multicultural competence.