A Preliminary Approximation to Microbiological Beach Sand Quality along the Coast of the Department of Atlántico (Caribbean Sea of Colombia): Influence of the Magdalena River

• Published in: Water (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.15 (1), p.48
• Main Authors: Bolívar-Anillo, Hernando José, Soto-Varela, Zamira E., Sánchez Moreno, Hernando, Villate Daza, Diego Andrés, Rosado-Porto, David, Vega Benites, Shersy, Pichón González, Camila, Anfuso, Giorgio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Approximation; Bacteria; Beaches; Clostridium perfringens; Coasts; Coliforms; Contamination; Developing countries; Enterococcus; Environmental protection; Escherichia coli; Fecal coliforms; Fluvial sediments; Health risk assessment; Health risks; International organizations; LDCs; Microbiology; Microorganisms; Pandemics; Pathogens; Pollution load; Recreation; Rivers; Sand; Sand & gravel; Seawater; Sediment load; Sediment pollution; Sediments; Sediments (Geology); Streams; Tourism; Tourist activities; Tourists; Travel industry; Tropical diseases; Typology; Wastewater; Wastewater pollution; Water pollution; Water quality
• ISSN: 2073-4441; 2073-4441
• DOI: 10.3390/w15010048

Beaches represent important economic resources linked to “Sun, Sea and Sand” tourism and, therefore, their water quality constitutes an issue of great relevance especially in developing countries. The main objective of this work was to determine the microbial quality of beach sediments along the Caribbean coast of the Department of Atlántico (Colombia) and its relationships with the existence of local sources of contamination (e.g., streams containing wastewaters), beach exposition to waves, the quantity of beach visitors—which is reflected by beach typology (e.g., urban, rural, etc.), the presence of tourist activities/infrastructures and the beach sand sedimentological characteristics. Along the study area, samples of beach sediments were gathered in beach face and backshore areas at 11 sectors and the microbiological counts of three faecal indicator bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens, were determined. A homogeneous distribution was recorded along the coast of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in both beach face and backshore sediments, in the order of 5 and 2 log CFU/100 mL, respectively; Enterococcus spp. was, at places, not observed in backshore sediments. No relationships existed between, on one side, the counts of the faecal indicator bacteria considered and, on the other side, the presence of streams and tourist activities/infrastructures, beach typology, exposition to waves and the sedimentological characteristics of beach sands. Such results suggest a chronic contamination of beach face and backshore sediments linked to the heavily polluted sedimentological load of the Magdalena River.