Geology, geochemistry and genesis of Tabei: A newly identified intermediate‐sulphidation epithermal Pb–Zn deposit adjacent to low‐sulphidation Au deposit in the Tulasu Basin, Chinese Western Tianshan

• Published in: Geological journal (Chichester, England) England), 2023-02, Vol.58 (2), p.583-604
• Main Authors: Peng, Yi‐Wei, Gu, Xue‐Xiang, Su, Jing, Zhang, Yong‐Mei, Wang, Jia‐Lin, Wang, Xin‐Li, Chen, Xi, Song, Ming‐Wei, Shu, Zhi‐Ping
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Calcite; Chalcopyrite; Chinese Western Tianshan; Composition; conductive cooling; Crystals; Fluid inclusions; Fluids; Galena; Geochemistry; Geology; Gold; Hybrid systems; Identification; intermediate‐sulphidation mineralization; Isotopes; Lead; Metals; Meteoric water; Pyrite; Quartz; Quartz crystals; Rocks; Sphalerite; Strontium 87; Strontium isotopes; Sulfidation; Sulfides; Sulphides; Tabei; Volcanic rocks; Water circulation; Zinc; Zincblende
• ISSN: 0072-1050; 1099-1034
• DOI: 10.1002/gj.4612

The Tabei Pb–Zn deposit is located adjacent to the well‐known Axi low‐sulphidation epithermal Au deposit in the Tulasu Basin, Chinese Western Tianshan. The homogenization temperatures and salinities of H2O‐rich biphase inclusions in ore‐stage sphalerite and calcite from Tabei range from 100 to 170°C and 0.4 to 6.2 wt% NaCleq, respectively. The δ13CV‐PDB and δ18OV‐SMOW values of calcite range from 0.9‰ to 1.5‰ and 5.6‰ to 6.7‰, respectively. The δ18OH2O and δDH2O values of hydrothermal fluids vary from −7.0‰ to −5.9‰ and −120.8‰ to −111.1‰, respectively. The in‐situ δ34SV‐CDT values of sulphides range from 7.5‰ to 8.0‰ (average 7.7‰). The in‐situ Pb isotopic compositions of galena and (87Sr/86Sr)0 ratios of sphalerite resemble those of Au‐bearing pyrite and quartz of Axi deposit, respectively, as well as the ore‐hosting volcanic rocks. These isotopic compositions indicate that the ore metals were derived from the ore‐hosting volcanic rocks, with the ore‐forming fluids consisting predominantly of circulating meteoric water. The absence of coexisting two‐phase vapour and liquid fluid inclusions and the presence of abundant banded coarse‐grained quartz crystals with dog tooth and comb textures at Tabei, suggest that the sulphides precipitated slowly due to conductive cooling. The high sulphide abundance, sulphide assemblage (pyrite + Fe‐poor sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite), ore textures and isotopic compositions suggest that Tabei represents an intermediate‐sulphidation epithermal deposit. The Axi‐Tabei Au–Pb–Zn epithermal system constitutes a hybrid consisting of Au veins at shallow level and Pb–Zn veins at depth, suggesting that the base metals remain highly prospective beneath the identified Au orebodies at Axi. Tabei is classified as an intermediate‐sulphidation epithermal Pb–Zn mineralization, with the ore‐hosting volcanic rocks providing the metals and sulphur and ore‐forming fluids consisting predominantly of meteoric waters. Conductive cooling caused the Pb–Zn precipitation. Concealed Pb–Zn mineralization may occur underneath the Axi area that is adjacent to Tabei.