Loading…

Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings

Gibberellins (GA) are the decisive players in seed germination whose functionality could be adversely affected by the presence of cadmium (Cd); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Eco-toxicological effects of Cd (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on the early stages of ontogenesis in a mung bea...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sustainability 2023-02, Vol.15 (4), p.3790
Main Authors: Kaur, Harmanjit, Nazir, Faroza, Hussain, Sofi Javed, Kaur, Rupinder, Rajurkar, Ashish B, Kumari, Sarika, Siddiqui, Manzer H, Mahajan, Moksh, Khatoon, Sayeda, Khan, M. Iqbal R
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3
container_end_page
container_issue 4
container_start_page 3790
container_title Sustainability
container_volume 15
creator Kaur, Harmanjit
Nazir, Faroza
Hussain, Sofi Javed
Kaur, Rupinder
Rajurkar, Ashish B
Kumari, Sarika
Siddiqui, Manzer H
Mahajan, Moksh
Khatoon, Sayeda
Khan, M. Iqbal R
description Gibberellins (GA) are the decisive players in seed germination whose functionality could be adversely affected by the presence of cadmium (Cd); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Eco-toxicological effects of Cd (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on the early stages of ontogenesis in a mung bean variety (ML-2056) were investigated. Seed germination characteristics along with Cd-tolerance index were recorded at the seventh day of germination. Additionally, endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) level, amylase activity, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant defense system were also investigated in Cd-stressed germinating seedlings. Results revealed that Cd reduced seed germination and interfered with GA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, to validate the role of GA in Cd-tolerance, experiments were executed to explore the effect of seed priming with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) on ML-2056 under Cd stress. Application of GA3 improved the activities of amylase and carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the antioxidant defense system, and sustained lower H2O2 and TBARS contents, whereas PBZ caused a significant reduction in growth and decreased endogenous GA3 content in Cd-stressed ML-2056, suggesting a crucial role of GA synthesis in reversing Cd-induced negative effects. Overall, GA synthesis played a crucial role in mitigating Cd toxicity in mung bean, which might be used as a criterion for developing Cd-stress-tolerant genotypes.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/su15043790
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2779560330</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A743494374</galeid><sourcerecordid>A743494374</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptklGLEzEQx4MoeNR78RMEfFLYM9lsd5vHWrQWrgiePodsMrudI5vUJCvXD-T3NF6Fs-AEZobkN_8_hCHkNWc3Qkj2Ps18yRrRSfaMXNWs4xVnS_b8n_4luU7pnpUQgkveXpFfW-x7iOAcGro2aOnaOfiJOkOiG20nnKdq5-1swNI7KGkLcUKvMwZPd_6APT62-RDDPB7oPtjZnV_DUBRiHw4nG4se3UPWfXCYJqp9MfKFekCrfS7cURvMJ4qe7mc_0g-g_aOfQz-mV-TFoF2C6791Qb5_-vht87m6_bLdbda3lRGyzZVmbGWHWq9s3TViaFprNJNS141s9GDBrrhoZM8EcGsauer7tqsNt9BAL1pmxIK8OeseY_gxQ8rqPszRF0tVd51ctuXf2BM1agcK_RBy1GbCZNS6-BYzUcqC3PyHKsfChCZ4GLDcXwy8vRgoTIaHPOo5JbW7-3rJvjuzJoaUIgzqGHHS8aQ4U3-WQT0tg_gNWSenTg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2779560330</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings</title><source>Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</source><creator>Kaur, Harmanjit ; Nazir, Faroza ; Hussain, Sofi Javed ; Kaur, Rupinder ; Rajurkar, Ashish B ; Kumari, Sarika ; Siddiqui, Manzer H ; Mahajan, Moksh ; Khatoon, Sayeda ; Khan, M. Iqbal R</creator><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Harmanjit ; Nazir, Faroza ; Hussain, Sofi Javed ; Kaur, Rupinder ; Rajurkar, Ashish B ; Kumari, Sarika ; Siddiqui, Manzer H ; Mahajan, Moksh ; Khatoon, Sayeda ; Khan, M. Iqbal R</creatorcontrib><description>Gibberellins (GA) are the decisive players in seed germination whose functionality could be adversely affected by the presence of cadmium (Cd); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Eco-toxicological effects of Cd (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on the early stages of ontogenesis in a mung bean variety (ML-2056) were investigated. Seed germination characteristics along with Cd-tolerance index were recorded at the seventh day of germination. Additionally, endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) level, amylase activity, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant defense system were also investigated in Cd-stressed germinating seedlings. Results revealed that Cd reduced seed germination and interfered with GA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, to validate the role of GA in Cd-tolerance, experiments were executed to explore the effect of seed priming with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) on ML-2056 under Cd stress. Application of GA3 improved the activities of amylase and carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the antioxidant defense system, and sustained lower H2O2 and TBARS contents, whereas PBZ caused a significant reduction in growth and decreased endogenous GA3 content in Cd-stressed ML-2056, suggesting a crucial role of GA synthesis in reversing Cd-induced negative effects. Overall, GA synthesis played a crucial role in mitigating Cd toxicity in mung bean, which might be used as a criterion for developing Cd-stress-tolerant genotypes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su15043790</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acids ; Amylases ; Antioxidants ; Beans ; Biosynthesis ; Botanical research ; Cadmium ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Carbohydrates ; Chemical properties ; Crops ; Embryos ; Enzymes ; Experiments ; Flowers &amp; plants ; Genotypes ; Germination ; Gibberellic acid ; Gibberellins ; Hazardous materials ; Heavy metals ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Legumes ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Mimosaceae ; Oxidative stress ; Physiological aspects ; Physiology ; Plant growth ; Plant physiology ; Seed germination ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Sorghum ; Toxicity ; Vigna radiata</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2023-02, Vol.15 (4), p.3790</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7697-5723 ; 0000-0002-9258-1900 ; 0000-0003-1793-1795 ; 0000-0002-8355-8530</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2779560330/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2779560330?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25752,27923,27924,37011,44589,74897</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Harmanjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nazir, Faroza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Sofi Javed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Rupinder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rajurkar, Ashish B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumari, Sarika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Manzer H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahajan, Moksh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khatoon, Sayeda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, M. Iqbal R</creatorcontrib><title>Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>Gibberellins (GA) are the decisive players in seed germination whose functionality could be adversely affected by the presence of cadmium (Cd); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Eco-toxicological effects of Cd (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on the early stages of ontogenesis in a mung bean variety (ML-2056) were investigated. Seed germination characteristics along with Cd-tolerance index were recorded at the seventh day of germination. Additionally, endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) level, amylase activity, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant defense system were also investigated in Cd-stressed germinating seedlings. Results revealed that Cd reduced seed germination and interfered with GA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, to validate the role of GA in Cd-tolerance, experiments were executed to explore the effect of seed priming with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) on ML-2056 under Cd stress. Application of GA3 improved the activities of amylase and carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the antioxidant defense system, and sustained lower H2O2 and TBARS contents, whereas PBZ caused a significant reduction in growth and decreased endogenous GA3 content in Cd-stressed ML-2056, suggesting a crucial role of GA synthesis in reversing Cd-induced negative effects. Overall, GA synthesis played a crucial role in mitigating Cd toxicity in mung bean, which might be used as a criterion for developing Cd-stress-tolerant genotypes.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Amylases</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Beans</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Botanical research</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Carbohydrate metabolism</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Embryos</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Flowers &amp; plants</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Germination</subject><subject>Gibberellic acid</subject><subject>Gibberellins</subject><subject>Hazardous materials</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Legumes</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Mimosaceae</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plant physiology</subject><subject>Seed germination</subject><subject>Seedlings</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Sorghum</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Vigna radiata</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNptklGLEzEQx4MoeNR78RMEfFLYM9lsd5vHWrQWrgiePodsMrudI5vUJCvXD-T3NF6Fs-AEZobkN_8_hCHkNWc3Qkj2Ps18yRrRSfaMXNWs4xVnS_b8n_4luU7pnpUQgkveXpFfW-x7iOAcGro2aOnaOfiJOkOiG20nnKdq5-1swNI7KGkLcUKvMwZPd_6APT62-RDDPB7oPtjZnV_DUBRiHw4nG4se3UPWfXCYJqp9MfKFekCrfS7cURvMJ4qe7mc_0g-g_aOfQz-mV-TFoF2C6791Qb5_-vht87m6_bLdbda3lRGyzZVmbGWHWq9s3TViaFprNJNS141s9GDBrrhoZM8EcGsauer7tqsNt9BAL1pmxIK8OeseY_gxQ8rqPszRF0tVd51ctuXf2BM1agcK_RBy1GbCZNS6-BYzUcqC3PyHKsfChCZ4GLDcXwy8vRgoTIaHPOo5JbW7-3rJvjuzJoaUIgzqGHHS8aQ4U3-WQT0tg_gNWSenTg</recordid><startdate>20230201</startdate><enddate>20230201</enddate><creator>Kaur, Harmanjit</creator><creator>Nazir, Faroza</creator><creator>Hussain, Sofi Javed</creator><creator>Kaur, Rupinder</creator><creator>Rajurkar, Ashish B</creator><creator>Kumari, Sarika</creator><creator>Siddiqui, Manzer H</creator><creator>Mahajan, Moksh</creator><creator>Khatoon, Sayeda</creator><creator>Khan, M. Iqbal R</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-5723</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-1900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-1795</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-8530</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230201</creationdate><title>Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings</title><author>Kaur, Harmanjit ; Nazir, Faroza ; Hussain, Sofi Javed ; Kaur, Rupinder ; Rajurkar, Ashish B ; Kumari, Sarika ; Siddiqui, Manzer H ; Mahajan, Moksh ; Khatoon, Sayeda ; Khan, M. Iqbal R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Amylases</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Beans</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Botanical research</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Carbohydrate metabolism</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Crops</topic><topic>Embryos</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Flowers &amp; plants</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>Germination</topic><topic>Gibberellic acid</topic><topic>Gibberellins</topic><topic>Hazardous materials</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Hydrogen peroxide</topic><topic>Legumes</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Mimosaceae</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Plant physiology</topic><topic>Seed germination</topic><topic>Seedlings</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Sorghum</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Vigna radiata</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Harmanjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nazir, Faroza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Sofi Javed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Rupinder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rajurkar, Ashish B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumari, Sarika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Manzer H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahajan, Moksh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khatoon, Sayeda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, M. Iqbal R</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kaur, Harmanjit</au><au>Nazir, Faroza</au><au>Hussain, Sofi Javed</au><au>Kaur, Rupinder</au><au>Rajurkar, Ashish B</au><au>Kumari, Sarika</au><au>Siddiqui, Manzer H</au><au>Mahajan, Moksh</au><au>Khatoon, Sayeda</au><au>Khan, M. Iqbal R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2023-02-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>3790</spage><pages>3790-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>Gibberellins (GA) are the decisive players in seed germination whose functionality could be adversely affected by the presence of cadmium (Cd); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Eco-toxicological effects of Cd (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on the early stages of ontogenesis in a mung bean variety (ML-2056) were investigated. Seed germination characteristics along with Cd-tolerance index were recorded at the seventh day of germination. Additionally, endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) level, amylase activity, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant defense system were also investigated in Cd-stressed germinating seedlings. Results revealed that Cd reduced seed germination and interfered with GA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, to validate the role of GA in Cd-tolerance, experiments were executed to explore the effect of seed priming with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) on ML-2056 under Cd stress. Application of GA3 improved the activities of amylase and carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the antioxidant defense system, and sustained lower H2O2 and TBARS contents, whereas PBZ caused a significant reduction in growth and decreased endogenous GA3 content in Cd-stressed ML-2056, suggesting a crucial role of GA synthesis in reversing Cd-induced negative effects. Overall, GA synthesis played a crucial role in mitigating Cd toxicity in mung bean, which might be used as a criterion for developing Cd-stress-tolerant genotypes.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su15043790</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-5723</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-1900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-1795</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-8530</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 2071-1050
ispartof Sustainability, 2023-02, Vol.15 (4), p.3790
issn 2071-1050
2071-1050
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_journals_2779560330
source Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)
subjects Acids
Amylases
Antioxidants
Beans
Biosynthesis
Botanical research
Cadmium
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates
Chemical properties
Crops
Embryos
Enzymes
Experiments
Flowers & plants
Genotypes
Germination
Gibberellic acid
Gibberellins
Hazardous materials
Heavy metals
Hydrogen peroxide
Legumes
Metabolism
Metabolites
Mimosaceae
Oxidative stress
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Plant growth
Plant physiology
Seed germination
Seedlings
Seeds
Sorghum
Toxicity
Vigna radiata
title Gibberellic Acid Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Seed Germination Inhibition through Modulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-12T23%3A51%3A18IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gibberellic%20Acid%20Alleviates%20Cadmium-Induced%20Seed%20Germination%20Inhibition%20through%20Modulation%20of%20Carbohydrate%20Metabolism%20and%20Antioxidant%20Capacity%20in%20Mung%20Bean%20Seedlings&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.au=Kaur,%20Harmanjit&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=3790&rft.pages=3790-&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.eissn=2071-1050&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/su15043790&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA743494374%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a008df2a8d2743f46dca099a2494afded81349b03e1dc498bb672c1de4eb360c3%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2779560330&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A743494374&rfr_iscdi=true