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Impact of Red Sludge Dumps, Originating from Industrial Activity, on the Soil and Underground Water
In the aluminum industry, one of the most sensitive economic and environmental problems is the management of resulting waste such as slag, ash and sludge, which become potential sources of pollution. Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iro...
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Published in: | Water (Basel) 2023-03, Vol.15 (5), p.898 |
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description | In the aluminum industry, one of the most sensitive economic and environmental problems is the management of resulting waste such as slag, ash and sludge, which become potential sources of pollution. Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iron and aluminum oxides, sodium and aluminum silicates, various titanium compounds, constituted in the residue left after the alkaline solubilization of alumina. The Purpose of this research is to quantify the environmental aspects involved in the storage of sludge in a landfill that has an area of 381,189 square meters and is located in the hearth of a former ballast tank in the western industrial area of the town of Oradea, Romania. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of red sludge dumps, which originated from industrial activity, on the soil and groundwater. The degree of degradation of the soil cover was highlighted by analyzing a number of 12 soil samples (4 collection points, at 3 depths). A total of 14 samples (7 samples on 2 depths) were investigated to monitor the migration mode of the sludge in the structure of the dam. In order to monitor the quality of groundwater, samples from 3 observation boreholes were analyzed. Soil monitoring results did not indicate values of the analyzed parameters above the values imposed by the national legislation on soil quality. Since the dumps were not waterproofed, the quality parameters of the water from the observation boreholes were exceeded, and gravity caused the water to drain into the underground water network in the area. Based on the samples from the observation boreholes, several measurements exceeded allowable values: pH values of the water sample taken from upstream of the dump exceeded the value limits by about 7%, and both upstream and downstream, water samples indicate an excess of 13.60% in the aluminum indicator, 267% in the sulfate ion, and 417% in the sodium ion. This shows a risk of pollution which requires additional monitoring. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w15050898 |
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Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iron and aluminum oxides, sodium and aluminum silicates, various titanium compounds, constituted in the residue left after the alkaline solubilization of alumina. The Purpose of this research is to quantify the environmental aspects involved in the storage of sludge in a landfill that has an area of 381,189 square meters and is located in the hearth of a former ballast tank in the western industrial area of the town of Oradea, Romania. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of red sludge dumps, which originated from industrial activity, on the soil and groundwater. The degree of degradation of the soil cover was highlighted by analyzing a number of 12 soil samples (4 collection points, at 3 depths). A total of 14 samples (7 samples on 2 depths) were investigated to monitor the migration mode of the sludge in the structure of the dam. In order to monitor the quality of groundwater, samples from 3 observation boreholes were analyzed. Soil monitoring results did not indicate values of the analyzed parameters above the values imposed by the national legislation on soil quality. Since the dumps were not waterproofed, the quality parameters of the water from the observation boreholes were exceeded, and gravity caused the water to drain into the underground water network in the area. Based on the samples from the observation boreholes, several measurements exceeded allowable values: pH values of the water sample taken from upstream of the dump exceeded the value limits by about 7%, and both upstream and downstream, water samples indicate an excess of 13.60% in the aluminum indicator, 267% in the sulfate ion, and 417% in the sodium ion. This shows a risk of pollution which requires additional monitoring.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w15050898</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Alumina ; Aluminum ; Aluminum industry ; Aluminum oxide ; Aluminum silicates ; Ballast tanks ; Boreholes ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental impact ; Environmental management ; Environmental monitoring ; Environmental risk ; Grain size ; Granular materials ; Groundwater ; Groundwater quality ; Industrial areas ; Landfill ; Landfills ; Legislation ; Measuring instruments ; Metal industry ; Pollution monitoring ; Pollution sources ; Refuse and refuse disposal ; Silicates ; Silicon compounds ; Slag ; Sludge ; Sodium ; Soil analysis ; Soil degradation ; Soil quality ; Soil water ; Soils ; Solubilization ; Titanium ; Upstream ; Waste disposal sites ; Waste management ; Water analysis ; Water quality ; Water sampling ; Water, Underground</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2023-03, Vol.15 (5), p.898</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-8260977277b8a6659e08cffc5467ad6d2e26c0ee40eabfaade1da6230c4c6e823</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-8260977277b8a6659e08cffc5467ad6d2e26c0ee40eabfaade1da6230c4c6e823</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5496-6922 ; 0000-0002-5979-3258</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2785232918?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2785232918?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25753,27924,27925,37012,38516,43895,44590,74412,75126</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mintaș, Olimpia Smaranda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simeanu, Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Berchez, Octavian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marele, Daniela Camelia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osiceanu, Adrian Gheorghe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rusu, Teodor</creatorcontrib><title>Impact of Red Sludge Dumps, Originating from Industrial Activity, on the Soil and Underground Water</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>In the aluminum industry, one of the most sensitive economic and environmental problems is the management of resulting waste such as slag, ash and sludge, which become potential sources of pollution. Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iron and aluminum oxides, sodium and aluminum silicates, various titanium compounds, constituted in the residue left after the alkaline solubilization of alumina. The Purpose of this research is to quantify the environmental aspects involved in the storage of sludge in a landfill that has an area of 381,189 square meters and is located in the hearth of a former ballast tank in the western industrial area of the town of Oradea, Romania. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of red sludge dumps, which originated from industrial activity, on the soil and groundwater. The degree of degradation of the soil cover was highlighted by analyzing a number of 12 soil samples (4 collection points, at 3 depths). A total of 14 samples (7 samples on 2 depths) were investigated to monitor the migration mode of the sludge in the structure of the dam. In order to monitor the quality of groundwater, samples from 3 observation boreholes were analyzed. Soil monitoring results did not indicate values of the analyzed parameters above the values imposed by the national legislation on soil quality. Since the dumps were not waterproofed, the quality parameters of the water from the observation boreholes were exceeded, and gravity caused the water to drain into the underground water network in the area. Based on the samples from the observation boreholes, several measurements exceeded allowable values: pH values of the water sample taken from upstream of the dump exceeded the value limits by about 7%, and both upstream and downstream, water samples indicate an excess of 13.60% in the aluminum indicator, 267% in the sulfate ion, and 417% in the sodium ion. This shows a risk of pollution which requires additional monitoring.</description><subject>Alumina</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Aluminum industry</subject><subject>Aluminum oxide</subject><subject>Aluminum silicates</subject><subject>Ballast tanks</subject><subject>Boreholes</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental management</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Grain size</subject><subject>Granular materials</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>Industrial areas</subject><subject>Landfill</subject><subject>Landfills</subject><subject>Legislation</subject><subject>Measuring instruments</subject><subject>Metal industry</subject><subject>Pollution monitoring</subject><subject>Pollution sources</subject><subject>Refuse and refuse disposal</subject><subject>Silicates</subject><subject>Silicon compounds</subject><subject>Slag</subject><subject>Sludge</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Soil analysis</subject><subject>Soil degradation</subject><subject>Soil quality</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Solubilization</subject><subject>Titanium</subject><subject>Upstream</subject><subject>Waste disposal sites</subject><subject>Waste management</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water, Underground</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>COVID</sourceid><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkFtLxDAQhYsoKOs--A8CPgmu5tIm6ePidWFBcBUfS0wmNdImNUmV_fdWVsSZhzkM35mBUxQnBF8wVuPLL1LhCsta7hVHFAu2KMuS7P_Th8U8pXc8VVlLWeGjQq_6QemMgkWPYNCmG00L6Hrsh3SOHqJrnVfZ-RbZGHq08mZMOTrVoaXO7tPl7TkKHuU3QJvgOqS8Qc_eQGxjGCf9ojLE4-LAqi7B_HfOiufbm6er-8X64W51tVwvNGMkLyTluBaCCvEqFedVDVhqa3VVcqEMNxQo1xigxKBerVIGiFGcMqxLzUFSNitOd3eHGD5GSLl5D2P008uGCllRRmsiJ-piR7Wqg8Z5G3JUemoDvdPBg3XTfikmnhDB-GQ42xl0DClFsM0QXa_itiG4-cm9-cudfQN2LnQJ</recordid><startdate>20230301</startdate><enddate>20230301</enddate><creator>Mintaș, Olimpia Smaranda</creator><creator>Simeanu, Cristina</creator><creator>Berchez, Octavian</creator><creator>Marele, Daniela Camelia</creator><creator>Osiceanu, Adrian Gheorghe</creator><creator>Rusu, Teodor</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-6922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-3258</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230301</creationdate><title>Impact of Red Sludge Dumps, Originating from Industrial Activity, on the Soil and Underground Water</title><author>Mintaș, Olimpia Smaranda ; Simeanu, Cristina ; Berchez, Octavian ; Marele, Daniela Camelia ; Osiceanu, Adrian Gheorghe ; Rusu, Teodor</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-8260977277b8a6659e08cffc5467ad6d2e26c0ee40eabfaade1da6230c4c6e823</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Alumina</topic><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Aluminum industry</topic><topic>Aluminum oxide</topic><topic>Aluminum silicates</topic><topic>Ballast tanks</topic><topic>Boreholes</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Environmental management</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental risk</topic><topic>Grain size</topic><topic>Granular materials</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater quality</topic><topic>Industrial areas</topic><topic>Landfill</topic><topic>Landfills</topic><topic>Legislation</topic><topic>Measuring instruments</topic><topic>Metal industry</topic><topic>Pollution monitoring</topic><topic>Pollution sources</topic><topic>Refuse and refuse disposal</topic><topic>Silicates</topic><topic>Silicon compounds</topic><topic>Slag</topic><topic>Sludge</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Soil analysis</topic><topic>Soil degradation</topic><topic>Soil quality</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Solubilization</topic><topic>Titanium</topic><topic>Upstream</topic><topic>Waste disposal sites</topic><topic>Waste management</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>Water, Underground</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mintaș, Olimpia Smaranda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simeanu, Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Berchez, Octavian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marele, Daniela Camelia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osiceanu, Adrian Gheorghe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rusu, Teodor</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Publicly Available Content database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mintaș, Olimpia Smaranda</au><au>Simeanu, Cristina</au><au>Berchez, Octavian</au><au>Marele, Daniela Camelia</au><au>Osiceanu, Adrian Gheorghe</au><au>Rusu, Teodor</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact of Red Sludge Dumps, Originating from Industrial Activity, on the Soil and Underground Water</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2023-03-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>898</spage><pages>898-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>In the aluminum industry, one of the most sensitive economic and environmental problems is the management of resulting waste such as slag, ash and sludge, which become potential sources of pollution. Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iron and aluminum oxides, sodium and aluminum silicates, various titanium compounds, constituted in the residue left after the alkaline solubilization of alumina. The Purpose of this research is to quantify the environmental aspects involved in the storage of sludge in a landfill that has an area of 381,189 square meters and is located in the hearth of a former ballast tank in the western industrial area of the town of Oradea, Romania. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of red sludge dumps, which originated from industrial activity, on the soil and groundwater. The degree of degradation of the soil cover was highlighted by analyzing a number of 12 soil samples (4 collection points, at 3 depths). A total of 14 samples (7 samples on 2 depths) were investigated to monitor the migration mode of the sludge in the structure of the dam. In order to monitor the quality of groundwater, samples from 3 observation boreholes were analyzed. Soil monitoring results did not indicate values of the analyzed parameters above the values imposed by the national legislation on soil quality. Since the dumps were not waterproofed, the quality parameters of the water from the observation boreholes were exceeded, and gravity caused the water to drain into the underground water network in the area. Based on the samples from the observation boreholes, several measurements exceeded allowable values: pH values of the water sample taken from upstream of the dump exceeded the value limits by about 7%, and both upstream and downstream, water samples indicate an excess of 13.60% in the aluminum indicator, 267% in the sulfate ion, and 417% in the sodium ion. This shows a risk of pollution which requires additional monitoring.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w15050898</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-6922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-3258</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alumina Aluminum Aluminum industry Aluminum oxide Aluminum silicates Ballast tanks Boreholes Environmental aspects Environmental impact Environmental management Environmental monitoring Environmental risk Grain size Granular materials Groundwater Groundwater quality Industrial areas Landfill Landfills Legislation Measuring instruments Metal industry Pollution monitoring Pollution sources Refuse and refuse disposal Silicates Silicon compounds Slag Sludge Sodium Soil analysis Soil degradation Soil quality Soil water Soils Solubilization Titanium Upstream Waste disposal sites Waste management Water analysis Water quality Water sampling Water, Underground |
title | Impact of Red Sludge Dumps, Originating from Industrial Activity, on the Soil and Underground Water |
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