Generalized Vascular Damage Including Glomerular Dysfunction in Newly-Detected Type 2 Diabetic Patients

• Published in: Electronic journal of general medicine 2009, Vol.6 (1), p.28-37
• Main Authors: Abo-Zenah, Hamdy, Moharram, M, Imran, A, Quazalbash, S, Al-Benayan, A, Sabry, A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Body mass index; Diabetes; Diabetic retinopathy
• ISSN: 2516-3507; 2516-3507
• DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82633

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a vascular disease, we intended to determine prevalence and nature of generalized and glomerular vascular abnormalities the moment it is diagnosed (ND-DM) in a cohort of patients with Arabic descent. Over 9 months, 216 out of 1208 asymptomatic Saudies were referred by the Primary Care Physicians on having risk factors for future development of DM for DM screening. Methods: For the 54 ND-DM patients and 18 non-diabetic controls, clinical examination including body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR), ultrasound determination of common carotid artery (CCA) intimal-medial thickness (IMT), hemoglobin A1C (A1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), CRP, albuminuria, serum creatinine (sCr), and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were done.Results: About 4.5% were unaware of their diabetes and they had significant (35/54 vs 5/18 p=0.01) preclinical atherosclerosis (increased IMT and/or atheromatous plaques) with similar age, HDL-C, CRP and eGFR compared to controls. Also, they had pathologic microalbuminuria ([μA] 145.4±201.4 vs 18.9±7.1, p=0.013) with higher BMI (29.5±3.6 vs 27.2±1.8, p=0.043), WHR (0.94±0.12 vs 0.79±0.1, p=0.001), TC (5.1±0.9 vs 3.8±0.6, p=0.001) and TG (2.3±0.9 vs 1.2±0.4, p=0.001) compared to controls. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), as inferred from glomerular damage marker μA was significantly prevalent (17/54, p=0.014) in ND-DM patients. Those with DN had more IMT (0.96±0.1 vs 0.77±0.1, p=0.0001), WHR (0.98±0.1 vs 0.91±0.13, p=0.037), TC (5.4±0.7 vs 4.9±0.9, p=0.049) and TG (2.7±0.4 vs 2.02±0.4, p=0.012), lower eGFR (86.4±12 vs 104.1±13, p=0.0001), older age (40.9±5 vs 37.9±4, p=0.028) and worse glycamic control (A1C=8.1±1.6 vs 7.3±1.5, p=0.048). Also, diabetic retinopathy (DR) was significantly prevalent (n=19) in ND-DM patients (p=0.047). Interestingly, DN and DR, were significantly correlated with each other (r=0.841, p=0.0001) and with IMT (r=0.38, p=0.005 and r=0.35, p=0.009, respectively).Conclusion: The newly-detected Saudi diabetics already had more vascular changes including glomerular damage than normal glucose-tolerant subjects with clustering of risk factors in particular abdominal obesity, and dyslipidaemia.