The role of precursor decomposition in the formation of samarium doped ceria nanoparticles via solid-state microwave synthesis

• Published in: SN applied sciences 2021-03, Vol.3 (3), p.341, Article 341
• Main Authors: Bregman, Avi, Rimsza, Jessica, Ringgold, Marissa, Bell, Nelson, Treadwell, LaRico
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetic acid; Activation energy; Applied and Technical Physics; Binding energy; Cerium; Cerium oxides; Chemistry/Food Science; Computer applications; Conductivity; Decomposition; Density functional theory; Earth Sciences; Engineering; Environment; Fluorite; Investigations; Ligands; Materials Science; Materials Science: Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials and Applications 2020; Mathematical analysis; Morphology; Nanocrystals; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Nanospheres; Nucleation; Point defects; Potential energy; Precursors; Radiation; Research Article; Samarium; Scanning electron microscopy; Solid state; Surfactants; Synthesis; Thermogravimetric analysis; X ray powder diffraction; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 2523-3963; 2523-3971
• DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04288-y

The impact on the final morphology of ceria (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles made from different precursors (commercial: cerium acetate/nitrate) and in house: cerium tri(methylsilyl)amide (Ce-TMSA)) via a microwave solid state reaction has been determined. In all instances, powder X-ray diffraction indicated that the cubic fluorite CeO 2 phase (PDF# 04–004-9150, with the space group Fm-3 m) had formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical nanoparticles were produced from the Ce-TMSA precursor. The commercial acetate and nitrate precursors produced particles with irregular morphology. The roles of the precursor decomposition and binding energy in the synthesis of the nanocrystals with various morphologies, as well as a possible growth mechanism, were evaluated based on experimental and computational data. The formation of spherical shaped nanoparticles was determined to be due to the preferential single-step decomposition of the Ce-TMSA as well as the low activation energy to overcome decomposition. Due to the complicated decomposition of the commercial precursors and high activation energy the resulting particles adopted an irregular morphology. Highly uniform samarium doped ceria (Sm x Ce 1-x O 2-δ ) nanospheres were also synthesized from Ce-TMSA and samarium tri(methylsilyl)amide (Sm-TMSA). The effects of reaction time and temperature, on the final morphology were observed through SEM. The rapid single-step decomposition of TMSA-based precursors as observed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and confirmed through the calculation of potential energy surfaces and binding energies from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicated that nanoparticle formation follows LaMer’s classical nucleation theory.