Effects of medications on hypoxia‐inducible factor in the retina: A review

Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF‐1⍺ has shown to be widely involved in cellular repair, survival, and energy metabolism. HIF‐1⍺ has also been found in increased levels in ca...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2023-04, Vol.51 (3), p.205-216
Main Authors: Kim, Angela H., Kolesnikova, Masha, Ngo, Wei Kiong, Tsang, Stephen H.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antidiabetics
Cell proliferation
Deferoxamine
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic Retinopathy - metabolism
Digoxin
Energy metabolism
Humans
Hypoxia
Hypoxia - pathology
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit - metabolism
hypoxia‐inducible factor
ketoglutarate analogues
Macular degeneration
Metformin
Retina
Retina - pathology
Retinal Diseases - drug therapy
Retinal Diseases - metabolism
Retinitis
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis Pigmentosa - metabolism
Retinopathy
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Summary:Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF‐1⍺ has shown to be widely involved in cellular repair, survival, and energy metabolism. HIF‐1⍺ has also been found in increased levels in cancer cells, highlighting the importance of balance in the hypoxic response. Promoting HIF‐1⍺ activity as a potential therapy for degenerative diseases and inhibiting HIF‐1⍺ as a therapy for pathologies with overactive cell proliferation are actively being explored. Digoxin and metformin, HIF‐1⍺ inhibitors, and deferoxamine and ⍺‐ketoglutarate analogues, HIF‐1⍺ activators, are being studied for application in age‐related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. However, these same medications have retinal toxicities that must be assessed before implementation of therapeutic care. Herein, we highlight the duality of therapeutic and toxic potential of HIF‐1⍺ that must be carefully assessed prior to its clinical application in retinal disorders.
ISSN:1442-6404
1442-9071
DOI:10.1111/ceo.14161