On the voluntariness of public health apps: a European case study on digital contact tracing

As evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing reliance on smartphone apps such as digital contact tracing apps and vaccination passports to respond to and mitigate public health threats. In light of the European Commission's guidance, Member States typically offer such apps on a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Law, innovation and technology innovation and technology, 2023-01, Vol.15 (1), p.107-123
Main Authors: Kamphorst, Bart A., Verweij, Marcel F., van Zeben, Josephine A. W.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Contact tracing
digital contact tracing
liberty
Passports
Public health
smartphone apps
Smartphones
stigmatisation
Voluntariness
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Summary:As evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing reliance on smartphone apps such as digital contact tracing apps and vaccination passports to respond to and mitigate public health threats. In light of the European Commission's guidance, Member States typically offer such apps on a voluntary, 'opt-in' basis. In this paper, we question the extent to which the individual choice to use these apps - and similar future technologies - is indeed a voluntary one. By explicating ethical and legal considerations governing the choice situations surrounding the use of smartphone apps, specifically those related to the negative consequences that declining the use of these apps may have (e.g. loss of opportunities, social exclusion, stigma), we argue that the projected downsides of refusal may in effect limit the liberty to decline for certain subpopulations. To mitigate these concerns, we recommend three categories of approaches that may be employed by governments to safeguard voluntariness.
ISSN:1757-9961
1757-997X
DOI:10.1080/17579961.2023.2184137