Taming the Tiger: Ultra high dose nitroglycerin in managing sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema patient

• Published in: The American journal of emergency medicine 2023-05, Vol.67, p.194.e1-194.e5
• Main Authors: Siddiqua, Naazia, MBBS, Bhaskararayuni, Jyothiswaroop, MD, Sahu, Ankit Kumar, MD, Kumar, Akshay, MRCP, Nayer, Jamshed, MD
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Blood pressure; Cardiac arrhythmia; Case reports; Congestive heart failure; Diuretics; Edema; Emergency; Emergency medical care; Flash pulmonary edema; Heart failure; Heart Failure - drug therapy; Heart Failure - therapy; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - drug therapy; Hypertensive heart failure; Hypotension; Hypoxia; Intravenous administration; Intubation; Kidney diseases; Male; Mechanical ventilation; Middle Aged; Nitroglycerin; Nitroglycerin - therapeutic use; Patients; Pulmonary Edema - drug therapy; Pulmonary Edema - etiology; SCAPE; Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema; Tachycardia; Ultra high dose nitroglycerin; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilator Agents - therapeutic use; Ventilation
• ISSN: 0735-6757; 1532-8171
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.043

AbstractIntroductionSympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) lies on the end of the acute heart failure syndrome spectrum with pulmonary edema in all lung zones. NTG at lower doses (10–20 μg/min) cause preload reduction, and at higher doses (> 100 μg/min) causes after-load reduction by arterial dilatation. The main aim is to decrease the afterload at the earliest to cut the vicious cycle caused by sudden sympathetic upsurge. To our knowledge, this is the highest nitroglycerin dose usage in the literature. CaseA 60-year-old male with no known prior co-morbidities presented to our Emergency with complaints of acute onset severe shortness of breath, which was also associated with extreme diaphoresis, agitation, anxiety, and palpitations. On Examination, the patient was hypoxic and hypertensive with severe tachypnea and tachycardia. On Auscultation, diffuse bilateral crackles in all areas were heard. Point of care ultrasound showed bilateral B-profile in all lung zones, inferior vena cava was >50% collapsible. We managed the patient with non-invasive ventilation and ultrahigh dose nitroglycerin/ highest ever- 9 mg intravenous bolus with 76 mg infusion. The patient had improved within hours and did not require oxygen. The patient was discharged from the emergency after a few hours of observation. DiscussionSCAPE occurs due to a vicious spiral involving increasing sympathetic outflow, excessive afterload, and worsening heart failure. The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. SCAPE patients may be euvolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic. The problem is shift of fluid into the lungs rather than hypervolemia. The emphasis on treating pulmonary edema has shifted from diuretics to vasodilators, especially high-dose nitrates, combined with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. ConclusionThis is the first report describing the safe and effective administration of ultra-high dose bolus/ highest dose ever and prolonged high-dose infusion for SCAPE, along with Non-invasive ventilation, which has prevented mechanical ventilation and mortality. High doses of intravenous NTG are extremely effective and safe for SCAPE patients.