Vertical Transportation Diversity of Petroleum Pollutants under Groundwater Fluctuations and the Instructions for Remediation Strategy

• Published in: Sustainability 2023-04, Vol.15 (8), p.6514
• Main Authors: Cao, Zhendong, Yang, Mingxing, Tan, Tingjing, Song, Xiaoqing
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alkanes; Aquifers; Asphaltenes; China; Crude oil; Cyclohexane; Environmental aspects; Fatty acids; Fluctuations; Groundwater; Groundwater levels; Hydraulic measurements; Hydrocarbons; Innovations; Management; Microorganisms; Octanoic acid; Oil pollution; Petroleum; Pollutants; Pollution; Pollution prevention; Prevention; Remediation; Simulation; Soil columns; Soil contamination; Soil permeability; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Toluene; Transportation industry; Vadose water; Water flow; Water level fluctuations; Water levels; Water pollution; Water table; Water table fluctuations; Water, Underground
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su15086514

Based on the information from an actual petroleum-contaminated site, a one-dimensional soil column was used to examine the vertical transportation diversities of different petroleum components under the influence of water table fluctuations, and the results revealed the following: (1) There were two obvious pollution accumulation zones under the condition of water table fluctuations: (i) The pollution infiltration zone dominated by the residual phase was formed at the leakage position, and (ii) the floating zone dominated by the free phase was formed near the water table. Combined with the viscosity of the organic components, the concentrations of the residual phase were octanoic acid > hexadecane > cyclohexane > toluene. Compared to coarse sand, clay can adsorb more components. (2) Different fluctuation frequencies had a great influence on the migration process of components. The free phase can transfer into the residual phase during the low groundwater table fluctuation. In the case of high-frequency groundwater fluctuations, there were more free phase components that can be carried by the water flow. However, due to the continuous flushing by the water, pollutants were finally spread to the whole underground system. (3) A cost-effectiveness remediation strategy is based on the difference in pollutant transportation. Therefore, the conclusions in this paper are fully applied in the actual contaminated sites. Specifically, the air-sparing (AS) and soil vapor extraction (SVE) devices were installed in the vadose zone to remove volatile substances (such as toluene). The permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were set in the groundwater fluctuation zone to repair the residual pollutants (alkanes, cyclane, and asphaltenes hydrocarbons) that are continuously converted from the residual phase to the dissolved phase and free phase due to water level fluctuations. Hence, the results of this study provided a specific, targeted, and comprehensive strategy for petroleum pollution treatment.