Enhancing multi-objective evolutionary neural architecture search with training-free Pareto local search

• Published in: Applied intelligence (Dordrecht, Netherlands) Netherlands), 2023-04, Vol.53 (8), p.8654-8672
• Main Authors: Phan, Quan Minh, Luong, Ngoc Hoang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accuracy; Artificial Intelligence; Artificial neural networks; Computer architecture; Computer Science; Computing costs; Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence Selected from IEA/AIE2021; Evolutionary algorithms; Floating point arithmetic; Genetic algorithms; Machines; Manufacturing; Mechanical Engineering; Multiple objective analysis; Neural networks; Pareto optimization; Pareto optimum; Performance prediction; Processes; Search methods; Sorting algorithms; Source code; Training
• ISSN: 0924-669X; 1573-7497
• DOI: 10.1007/s10489-022-04032-y

Neural Architecture Search (NAS), that automates the design process of high-performing neural network architectures, is a multi-objective optimization problem. A single ideal architecture, that optimizes both predictive performance (e.g., the network accuracy) and computational costs (e.g., the model size, the number of parameters, the number of floating-point operations), does not exist. Instead, there is a Pareto front of multiple candidate architectures where each one represents an optimal trade-off between the competing objectives. Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) are often employed to approximate such Pareto-optimal fronts for NAS problems. In this article, we introduce a local search method, namely Potential Solution Improving (PSI), that aims to improve certain potential solutions on approximation fronts to enhance the performance of MOEAs. The main bottleneck in NAS is the considerable computation cost that incurs from having to train a large number of candidate architectures to evaluate their accuracy. Recently, the Synaptic Flow has been proposed as a metric that relatively characterizes the performance of deep neural networks without running any training epoch. We thus propose that our PSI method can make use of this training-free metric as a proxy for network accuracy during local search steps. We conduct experiments with the well-known MOEA Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) coupled with the training-free PSI local search in solving NAS problems created from the standard benchmarks NAS-Bench-101 and NAS-Bench-201. Experimental results confirm the efficiency enhancements brought about by our proposed method, which reduces the computational cost by four times compared to the baseline approach. The source code for the experiments in the article can be found at: https://github.com/ELO-Lab/MOENAS-TF-PSI .