Determination of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) along with probabilistic health risk assessment in fruit juice samples in Tehran, Iran

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2023-03, Vol.30 (15), p.44833-44844
• Main Authors: Kargarghomsheh, Pegah, Naghashan, Mahsa, Farhadiyan, Soraya, Arabameri, Majid, Tooryan, Fahimeh, Shariatifar, Nabi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Carcinogenicity; Carcinogens; Child; China; Dibutyl Phthalate - analysis; Diethyl phthalate; Diethylhexyl Phthalate - analysis; Dioctyl phthalate; Drinking water; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental protection; Environmental science; Esters; Esters - analysis; Fruit and Vegetable Juices - analysis; Fruit juices; Fruits; Gas chromatography; Health risks; Humans; Iran; Juices; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Phthalates; Phthalic acid; Phthalic Acids - analysis; Research Article; Risk Assessment; Solid phases; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control
• ISSN: 1614-7499; 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25313-0

In the present study, magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique were used to measure 6 PAE in fruit juice samples. The mean of total phthalic acid esters (ƩPAEs) in all samples was 3.55 ± 0.66 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in samples was 0.82 ± 0.31 µg/L, which was lower than the mentioned United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The pineapple juice samples (4.44 ± 0.57 µg/L) and mango juice samples (2.77 ± 0. 1 µg/L) had maximum and minimum mean levels of ƩPAEs, respectively. Also, results showed that brand B (3.76 ± 0.87 µg/L) and samples in the time of expiration date (3.64 ± 0.72 µg/L) had the highest PAE levels. The rank order Chronic Daily Intake (95%) values for adults were DEHP ( 5.26 E - 04 ) > butylbenzyl phthalates (BBP) ( 4.73 E - 04 ) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) ( 3.77 E - 04 ) and for children were DEHP ( 9.93 E - 04 ) > BBP (9.07E-04) > DEP ( 7.01 E - 04 ), which were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value. The noncancer risk of PAEs based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) was acceptable (