Risk Assessment of Macronutrients and Minerals by Processed, Street, and Restaurant Traditional Pakistani Foods: a Case Study

The current work is aimed to assess the impact of macronutrient and mineral contents in food products of packaged food, restaurant food, and street food in Hyderabad. The estimated daily intake of macronutrients and minerals, followed by the toxic risk assessment of microminerals by consuming studie...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biological trace element research 2023-07, Vol.201 (7), p.3553-3566
Main Authors: Baig, Jameel Ahmed, Chandio, Iram Gul, Kazi, Tasneem Gul, Afridi, Hassan Imran, Akhtar, Khalil, Junaid, Mirza, Naher, Sumsun, Solangi, Shakoor Ahmed, Malghani, Niaz Ali
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Absorption spectroscopy
Acid digestion
Air pollution
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Food
Food contamination
Food products
Foods
Life Sciences
Minerals
Minerals - metabolism
Nutrients
Nutrition
Oncology
Packaged food
Pakistan
Raw materials
Restaurants
Risk Assessment
Spectral analysis
Spectrometry
Toxicity
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Summary:The current work is aimed to assess the impact of macronutrient and mineral contents in food products of packaged food, restaurant food, and street food in Hyderabad. The estimated daily intake of macronutrients and minerals, followed by the toxic risk assessment of microminerals by consuming studied food dishes, was also conducted. The collected products were freeze-dried and standard procedures for measuring macronutrients were followed. At the same time, the acid digestion method was used to prepare the solution for detecting minerals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The resulting data indicated that all the food dishes supplied 134–454 kcals/100 g. The chicken/meat and pulse food dishes of all three categories were enriched with protein except bhindi masala. All the food dishes have a massive variation in fat contents and differ based on the used quantity of hydrogenated oil during their preparations. A significant difference in the macro- and microminerals in studied food products was observed. However, all food dishes are a good supplementary source of fundamental nutrients, supplying the recommended daily allowances for adults. The estimated hazardous index ( I h ) of microminerals in some street and restaurant food products (based on a survey) showed possible toxicity risk, especially for the workers of automechanic workshops ( I h  > 1.00). Thus, it is concluded that the contaminated (cheap) raw materials and unhygienic conditions for preparing street and restaurant foods and hawking places (atmospheric pollution) are the significant sources of micromineral contamination. Graphical abstract
ISSN:0163-4984
1559-0720
DOI:10.1007/s12011-022-03429-7