AI- and IoT-based energy saving mechanism by minimizing hop delay in multi-hop and advanced optical system based optical channels

• Published in: Optical and quantum electronics 2023-07, Vol.55 (7), Article 635
• Main Author: Kaur, Mandeep
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Channels; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Clean energy; Cognitive radio; Computer Communication Networks; Data transmission; Delay; Electrical Engineering; Energy; Energy conservation; Energy harvesting; Energy sources; Geographical locations; Interference; Internet of Things; Lasers; Network latency; Nodes; Optical Devices; Optical fibers; Optics; Optimization; Optimization techniques; Photonics; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Power management; Renewable energy; Renewable resources; Transmission rate (communications)
• ISSN: 0306-8919; 1572-817X
• DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-04882-x

Renewable and energy sustainable solutions are the need of the hour in this current era where energy is needed for every single and small task but energy generation resources are limited. The emergence of 6G, IoT (Internet of Things), smart technologies and AI (artificial intelligence) has made it possible to integrate renewable energy solutions to save energy and to preserve green environments by saving energy generation resources. The data are generated from diverse nodes and geographical locations in large amounts, and it is very challenging to manage the transition states of data. Optical fibers and optical channels play an important role in handling the flow of massive data. Innovative solutions are required to handle the transition of data by saving energy optimally. Energy is life, and saving energy is as important as saving life. All the newer technologies are thriving for minimal consumption of energy by exploiting smart solutions and with the advent of renewable solutions for energy generation. In many application scenarios, data must be transmitted to a sink/server within a short span of time as soon as the event takes place. An inter-hop minimal latency is required when data are transferred between hops in a green multi-hop cognitive radio network (GM-CRN), which requires innovative solutions to transmit the data over optical channels by consuming minimal energy. This article focuses on the integration of renewable energy resources in multi-hop optical channels, which not only helps save energy but also optimizes the data transmission rate, throughput and transmission latency. The management of renewable energy generation resources along with inter-hop delay is still a challenging task and this article attempts to provide a solution to address this problem. This paper suggests a mechanism that ensures minimal inter-hop delay and interference avoidance to optimize network utility. The sink allocates licensed channels to the IoT devices with energy harvesting (EH) capability for data transmission by considering the network utility, energy harvesting, and sustainability of energy. The research in this article further investigates a utility optimization and minimal delay problem, which can be decomposed into four deterministic sub-problems, i.e., the device battery management (DBM) problem, data discard control (DDC) problem, sampling rate control (SRC) problem, and interference-free channel allocation (ICA) problem with the aid of Lyapunov Optimiz