Analysis of Urban Effects in Oklahoma City using a Dense Surface Observing Network

• Published in: Journal of applied meteorology and climatology 2016-03, Vol.55 (3), p.723-741
• Main Authors: Hu, Xiao-Ming, Xue, Ming, Klein, Petra M., Illston, Bradley G., Chen, Sheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air temperature; Atmospheric monitoring; Boundary layer; Boundary layers; Central business districts; Cities; Cold; Cooling; Heat; Investigations; Metropolitan areas; Night; Night-time; Nighttime; Nocturnal; Remote sensing; Rural areas; Seasons; Spatial distribution; Spatial variations; Studies; Surface roughness; Temperature; Temperature differences; Temperature gradients; Temperature inversion; Temperature inversions; Urban areas; Urban heat islands; Wind speed
• ISSN: 1558-8424; 1558-8432
• DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-15-0206.1

Many studies have investigated urban heat island (UHI) intensity for cities around the world, which is normally quantified as the temperature difference between urban location(s) and rural location(s). A few open questions still remain regarding the UHI, such as the spatial distribution of UHI intensity, temporal (including diurnal and seasonal) variation of UHI intensity, and the UHI formation mechanism. A dense network of atmospheric monitoring sites, known as the Oklahoma City (OKC) Micronet (OKCNET), was deployed in 2008 across the OKC metropolitan area. This study analyzes data from OKCNET in 2009 and 2010 to investigate OKC UHI at a subcity spatial scale for the first time. The UHI intensity exhibited large spatial variations over OKC. During both daytime and nighttime, the strongest UHI intensity is mostly confined around the central business district where land surface roughness is the highest in the OKC metropolitan area. These results do not support the roughness warming theory to explain the air temperature UHI in OKC. The UHI intensity of OKC increased prominently around the early evening transition (EET) and stayed at a fairly constant level throughout the night. The physical processes during the EET play a critical role in determining the nocturnal UHI intensity. The near-surface rural temperature inversion strength was a good indicator for nocturnal UHI intensity. As a consequence of the relatively weak near-surface rural inversion, the strongest nocturnal UHI in OKC was less likely to occur in summer. Other meteorological factors (e.g., wind speed and cloud) can affect the stability/depth of the nighttime boundary layer and can thus modulate nocturnal UHI intensity.