Attention Mechanisms in Convolutional Neural Networks for Nitrogen Treatment Detection in Tomato Leaves Using Hyperspectral Images

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of tomatoes. However, excess nitrogen fertilization can affect the quality of tomato fruit, making it unattractive to consumers. Consequently, the aim of this study is to develop a method for the early detection of excessive nitro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Electronics (Basel) 2023-06, Vol.12 (12), p.2706
Main Authors: Benmouna, Brahim, Pourdarbani, Raziyeh, Sabzi, Sajad, Fernandez-Beltran, Ruben, García-Mateos, Ginés, Molina-Martínez, José Miguel
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accuracy
Agriculture
Artificial neural networks
Cell division
Classification
Datasets
Deep learning
Disease
Environmental aspects
Fertilizers
Fruits
Hyperspectral imaging
Image processing
Infrared spectra
Methods
Near infrared radiation
Neural networks
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fertilizers
Remote sensing
Spectral reflectance
Tomatoes
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Summary:Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of tomatoes. However, excess nitrogen fertilization can affect the quality of tomato fruit, making it unattractive to consumers. Consequently, the aim of this study is to develop a method for the early detection of excessive nitrogen fertilizer use in Royal tomato by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Spectral reflectance values of tomato leaves were captured at wavelengths between 400 and 1100 nm, collected from several treatments after application of normal nitrogen and on the first, second, and third days after application of excess nitrogen. A new method based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) with an attention mechanism was proposed to perform the estimation of nitrogen overdose in tomato leaves. To verify the effectiveness of this method, the proposed attention mechanism-based CNN classifier was compared with an alternative CNN having the same architecture without integrating the attention mechanism, and with other CNN models, AlexNet and VGGNet. Experimental results showed that the CNN with an attention mechanism outperformed the alternative CNN, achieving a correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.33% for the treatment, compared with a CCR of 94.94% for the CNN alone. These findings will help in the development of a new tool for rapid and accurate detection of nitrogen fertilizer overuse in large areas.
ISSN:2079-9292
2079-9292
DOI:10.3390/electronics12122706