Granitic magmatism associated with gold mineralization: evidence from the Baizhangzi gold deposit, in the northern North China Craton

• Published in: Geological magazine 2023-06, Vol.160 (6), p.1211-1227
• Main Authors: Zhao, Zhi-xiong, Xu, Wei-jun, Dong, Guo-chen, Santosh, M, Li, Hong-bin, Chang, Ze-guang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aluminum oxide; Apatite; Biotite; Cratons; Crystallization; Feldspars; Fractional crystallization; Geochemistry; Geochronology; Geochronometry; Geology; Gold; Granite; Igneous rocks; Isotopes; Lava; Magma; Major elements; Mineral deposits; Mineralization; Original Article; Petrogenesis; Petrography; Petrology; Plagioclase; Radiometric dating; Silica; Silicon dioxide; Strontium; Trace elements; Triassic; Zircon
• ISSN: 0016-7568; 1469-5081
• DOI: 10.1017/S0016756823000341

The relationship between magmatism and gold mineralization has been a topic of interest in understanding the formation of ore deposits. The Baizhangzi gold deposit, located in the northern margin of the North China Craton, is hosted by the Baizhangzi granite (BZG) and provides a case to evaluate the relation between granite and gold mineralization in Late Triassic. In this study, we present petrography, bulk geochemistry, zircon U-Pb isotope and trace elements data, as well as major elements of biotite and plagioclase for the BZG to evaluate the petrogenesis and link with gold mineralization. The BZG comprises biotite monzogranite, biotite-bearing monzogranite and monzogranite (BZGs). Zircon U-Pb geochronology shows that all the granitoids of BZGs were coeval with a formation age of 232 Ma. The granitoids, with high SiO2, Al2O3 and Sr, while low Y and Yb, show adakitic affinity. They are enriched in LILFs (e.g., Rb, Ba, Th, U and Sr) and LREEs, while depletion in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, P and Ti). The geochemical and mineral chemical data suggest that the granitoids have experienced the fractional crystallization of biotite + plagioclase + K- feldspar + apatite. Crystallization temperature is estimated as ca. 700°C, and pressure is between 0.71 kbar and 1.60 kbar. The monzogranite shows higher values of logfO2, △FMQ and △NNO than the biotite-bearing monzogranite, ranging from −19.76 to −11.71, −4.93 to +3.67 and −5.48 to +3.11, respectively. The fractional crystallization, together with high fO2, K-metasomatism and low evolution degree, provided favourable conditions for gold mineralization.