Quantifying the Energy Budget in the Solar Wind from 13.3 to 100 Solar Radii

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal 2023-07, Vol.952 (1), p.26
• Main Authors: Halekas, J. S., Bale, S. D., Berthomier, M., Chandran, B. D. G., Drake, J. F., Kasper, J. C., Klein, K. G., Larson, D. E., Livi, R., Pulupa, M. P., Stevens, M. L., Verniero, J. L., Whittlesey, P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astrophysics; Charged particles; Electric potential; Electron pressure; Energy budget; Energy sources; Fast solar wind; Kinematics; Magnetic fields; Magnetic reconnection; Plasma pressure; Protons; Sciences of the Universe; Slow solar wind; Solar energy; Solar magnetic field; Solar Physics; Solar probes; Solar wind; Steady state; Streams; Wave energy
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acd769

A variety of energy sources, ranging from dynamic processes, such as magnetic reconnection and waves, to quasi steady terms, such as plasma pressure, may contribute to the acceleration of the solar wind. We utilize a combination of charged particle and magnetic field observations from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) to attempt to quantify the steady-state contribution of the proton pressure, the electric potential, and the wave energy to the solar wind proton acceleration observed by PSP between 13.3 and ∼100 solar radii (R☉). The proton pressure provides a natural kinematic driver of the outflow. The ambipolar electric potential acts to couple the electron pressure to the protons, providing another definite proton acceleration term. Fluctuations and waves, while inherently dynamic, can act as an additional effective steady-state pressure term. To analyze the contributions of these terms, we utilize radial binning of single-point PSP measurements, as well as repeated crossings of the same stream at different distances on individual PSP orbits (i.e., fast radial scans). In agreement with previous work, we find that the electric potential contains sufficient energy to fully explain the acceleration of the slower wind streams. On the other hand, we find that the wave pressure plays an increasingly important role in the faster wind streams. The combination of these terms can explain the continuing acceleration of both slow and fast wind streams beyond 13.3 R☉.