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Sustainable Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater after Chlorination: Short-Term Effects on Crops and Soils

Due to the scarcity of fresh water for crop irrigation in semi-arid areas, sustainable use of treated municipal wastewater is essential. Chlorine for wastewater disinfection added in wastewater treatment plants may be toxic for crops and can degrade cultivated soils. This study evaluates the crop an...

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Published in:Sustainability 2023-08, Vol.15 (15), p.11801
Main Authors: Zema, Demetrio Antonio, Carrà, Bruno Gianmarco, Sorgonà, Agostino, Zumbo, Antonino, Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban, Miralles, Isabel, Ortega, Raúl, Soria, Rocío, Zimbone, Santo Marcello, Calabrò, Paolo Salvatore
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container_title Sustainability
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creator Zema, Demetrio Antonio
Carrà, Bruno Gianmarco
Sorgonà, Agostino
Zumbo, Antonino
Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban
Miralles, Isabel
Ortega, Raúl
Soria, Rocío
Zimbone, Santo Marcello
Calabrò, Paolo Salvatore
description Due to the scarcity of fresh water for crop irrigation in semi-arid areas, sustainable use of treated municipal wastewater is essential. Chlorine for wastewater disinfection added in wastewater treatment plants may be toxic for crops and can degrade cultivated soils. This study evaluates the crop and soil response to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) in comparison to clear water. Small plants of tomato and cabbage and young bergamot trees were irrigated in pots throughout two months. The use of chlorinated or non-chlorinated wastewater did not significantly change biomass growth, morphological parameters and the efficiency of energy transfer. Significant reductions (40–50%) in the stem diameter of tomato and bergamot plants and differences (−25% to 53%) in all physiological parameters were measured for tomato immediately after the irrigation start. A decrease (−55%) in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate together with an increase (+80%) in water use efficiency were also recorded in bergamot after 30 days of irrigation. This type of irrigation water did not induce significant changes in soil properties, except for a decrease in pH (−20%) in bergamot soils after the irrigation start and in electric conductivity (EC, −40%) at the end of the irrigation period for all species. Irrigation of plants with chlorinated wastewater increased the weight of the fresh biomass (+56%) of leaves and the stem diameter (−60%) of tomato and decreased water use efficiency (+67%) in bergamot after the irrigation start. After two months, decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in cabbage (over 50%) and increases in water use efficiency in cabbage and bergamot (by 40% and 70%, respectively) were evident. Among the studied soil properties, land application of chlorinated wastewater only reduced electrical conductivity (−47%). Overall, this study demonstrated that the use of treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) does not have detrimental impacts on both plant growth (at least for tomato, cabbage and bergamot) and soil health in the short term.
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language eng
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source Publicly Available Content Database
subjects Agricultural industry
Agricultural production
Agriculture
Analysis
Chemical oxygen demand
Chlorine
Citrus
Citrus fruits
Crops
Electric properties
Electrical conductivity
Flowers & plants
Heavy metals
Irrigation
Morphology
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Plant growth
Purification
Sewage
Soils
Spain
Sustainability
Sustainable development
Trees
Wastewater
Water treatment plants
Water use
title Sustainable Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater after Chlorination: Short-Term Effects on Crops and Soils
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