Carbonization of Zr-Loaded Thiourea-Functionalized Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymers: An Easy Way to Synthesize Nano-ZrO2@C and Nano-(ZrC, ZrO2)@C Composites

Thermal processing of Zr-loaded ion-exchangers is a facile route to synthetize (ZrO2, ZrC)@C composites. In the present paper, furnace and RF-thermal plasma processing of ZrOCl2 loaded thiourea-functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer was investigated and led to composites containing ZrO2 and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of composites science 2023-08, Vol.7 (8), p.306
Main Authors: Martiz, Alejandro, Károly, Zoltán, Bereczki, Laura, Trif, László, Farkas, Attila, Menyhárd, Alfréd, Kótai, László
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aqueous solutions
Carbon
Composite materials
Copolymers
Crystallites
Divinylbenzene
Ion exchangers
Lasers
Oxidation
Plasma
Plasma processing
Raman spectroscopy
Resins
Spectrum analysis
Styrenes
Temperature
Temperature dependence
Thermal plasmas
Thioureas
Transmission electron microscopy
Tube furnaces
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Zirconium
Zirconium carbide
Zirconium dioxide
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Summary:Thermal processing of Zr-loaded ion-exchangers is a facile route to synthetize (ZrO2, ZrC)@C composites. In the present paper, furnace and RF-thermal plasma processing of ZrOCl2 loaded thiourea-functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer was investigated and led to composites containing ZrO2 and ZrC. Different ZrO2@C composites were formed between 1000 and 1400 °C in 2 h, whereas the composite containing ZrC was created at 1400 °C in 8 h. The ratio of ZrO2/ZrC, the prevailing ZrO2 modifications, and the crystallite sizes strongly depend on the synthesis conditions. The ZrC-containing composites formed only at 1400 °C in 8 h and by the plasma treatment of the ZrO2@C sample prepared in the furnace, resulting in 8 and 16% ZrC content, with 44 and 41 nm ZrC crystallite sizes, respectively. The ZrO2-containing composites (tetragonal, monoclinic, and cubic modifications with 65–88 nm ZrO2 crystallite sizes and 15–43 m2/g BET surface areas) formed in a tube furnace between 1000 and 1400 °C in 2 h. All ZrO2@C composites had both amorphous carbon and graphite, and their ratio is temperature dependent. The carbonaceous compounds were characterized by Raman spectroscopy with analysis of the G and D band intensities. XPS studies showed the surface oxidation of ZrC.
ISSN:2504-477X
2504-477X
DOI:10.3390/jcs7080306