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Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges
Tectonic displacements consist of vertical uplift or subsidence, and horizontal advection. We consider the effects of tectonic advection on mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and drainage divides. Through numerically modeling a normal fault and uplifted footwall, we find that advec...
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Published in: | Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface 2023-08, Vol.128 (8), p.n/a |
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description | Tectonic displacements consist of vertical uplift or subsidence, and horizontal advection. We consider the effects of tectonic advection on mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and drainage divides. Through numerically modeling a normal fault and uplifted footwall, we find that advection promotes the elongation of catchments and reduction in outlet spacing at mountain fronts. We demonstrate an erosional disequilibrium associated with the advection‐induced transfer of mass from the proximal mountain front toward the distal mountain front. Our modeling also demonstrates the development of an erosion rate disequilibrium around fixed geomorphic features such as drainage divides, that we deem characteristic of advection. In our model, steady‐state is achieved when the divide migration occurs at the same rate as advection; advection moves topography away from the fault, meaning drainage migration becomes a mechanism for balancing advection. Topographic observations in a mountain range bound by a low angle normal fault, the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), are consistent with our modeling results when advection is included. These observations reveal a strong influence of advection on the development of the Sierra la Laguna's topography and suggest the main drainage divide is migrating toward the fault to counterbalance advection. Tectonic advection exerts a significant control on erosion rate distribution, topographic and drainage patterns and the stability of drainage divides. This work also highlights that the Gilbert metrics and across‐divide χ disequilibrium cannot always be interpreted in terms of growing or shrinking catchments in settings with a large advection component of tectonic displacement.
Plain Language Summary
All mountains experience tectonic motion: vertical motion (uplift or subsidence) and horizontal motion (advection). Here, we use equations that describe how features such as rivers and hillslopes change with time to model the growth of a mountain. We model displacement on a normal fault, which typically forms when the Earth's crust is stretched. We find that advection has a very strong impact on the shape of the landscape: river basins become longer and narrower when advection is faster. We also see the development of differences in erosion rates that allow the main ridgeline to migrate toward the fault at the same rate the land is moved away from the fault: at that point, the shape of the mountain is not changing anymore, despite |
doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023JF007126 |
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Plain Language Summary
All mountains experience tectonic motion: vertical motion (uplift or subsidence) and horizontal motion (advection). Here, we use equations that describe how features such as rivers and hillslopes change with time to model the growth of a mountain. We model displacement on a normal fault, which typically forms when the Earth's crust is stretched. We find that advection has a very strong impact on the shape of the landscape: river basins become longer and narrower when advection is faster. We also see the development of differences in erosion rates that allow the main ridgeline to migrate toward the fault at the same rate the land is moved away from the fault: at that point, the shape of the mountain is not changing anymore, despite constant advection and some places eroding much faster than others. This situation is analogous to the formation of a standing wave in a river: the wave looks static despite water moving downstream. We find similar features in the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), including elongated catchments and evidence that the main ridgeline is actively migrating toward the fault. This helps to validate the model, and highlights that advection can make landscapes more dynamic than expected.
Key Points
Divide migration is required to balance advection and maintain spatially fixed drainage divides in steady‐state landscapes with advection
Elongate catchments and erosional disequilibrium at divides are diagnostic of strong advection, as observed in Sierra la Laguna, Mexico
Divide migration can occur without affecting the drainage area of adjacent catchments in the presence of a high tectonic advection velocity</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9003</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9011</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023JF007126</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Advection ; Catchment area ; Catchments ; divide migration ; Drainage ; Drainage patterns ; Earth crust ; Elongation ; Erosion control ; Erosion rates ; Fronts ; Geomorphology ; Horizontal advection ; Horizontal motion ; Landscape ; landscape evolution ; Modelling ; Mountains ; Movement ; numerical modeling ; Outlets ; River basins ; Rivers ; Shape ; Standing waves ; Subsidence ; Surface drainage ; tectonic advection ; Tectonics ; Topography ; Uplift ; Vertical motion</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface, 2023-08, Vol.128 (8), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023. The Authors.</rights><rights>2023. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3683-d81ec4b883ee72287d88d9fc5b4b1c5df0b3910eee0a988672093609e33242d43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3683-d81ec4b883ee72287d88d9fc5b4b1c5df0b3910eee0a988672093609e33242d43</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6447-6492 ; 0000-0001-8639-6090 ; 0000-0002-7638-5627</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023JF007126$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023JF007126$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,11493,27901,27902,46443,46867</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hoskins, A. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Attal, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mudd, S. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castillo, M.</creatorcontrib><title>Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</title><description>Tectonic displacements consist of vertical uplift or subsidence, and horizontal advection. We consider the effects of tectonic advection on mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and drainage divides. Through numerically modeling a normal fault and uplifted footwall, we find that advection promotes the elongation of catchments and reduction in outlet spacing at mountain fronts. We demonstrate an erosional disequilibrium associated with the advection‐induced transfer of mass from the proximal mountain front toward the distal mountain front. Our modeling also demonstrates the development of an erosion rate disequilibrium around fixed geomorphic features such as drainage divides, that we deem characteristic of advection. In our model, steady‐state is achieved when the divide migration occurs at the same rate as advection; advection moves topography away from the fault, meaning drainage migration becomes a mechanism for balancing advection. Topographic observations in a mountain range bound by a low angle normal fault, the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), are consistent with our modeling results when advection is included. These observations reveal a strong influence of advection on the development of the Sierra la Laguna's topography and suggest the main drainage divide is migrating toward the fault to counterbalance advection. Tectonic advection exerts a significant control on erosion rate distribution, topographic and drainage patterns and the stability of drainage divides. This work also highlights that the Gilbert metrics and across‐divide χ disequilibrium cannot always be interpreted in terms of growing or shrinking catchments in settings with a large advection component of tectonic displacement.
Plain Language Summary
All mountains experience tectonic motion: vertical motion (uplift or subsidence) and horizontal motion (advection). Here, we use equations that describe how features such as rivers and hillslopes change with time to model the growth of a mountain. We model displacement on a normal fault, which typically forms when the Earth's crust is stretched. We find that advection has a very strong impact on the shape of the landscape: river basins become longer and narrower when advection is faster. We also see the development of differences in erosion rates that allow the main ridgeline to migrate toward the fault at the same rate the land is moved away from the fault: at that point, the shape of the mountain is not changing anymore, despite constant advection and some places eroding much faster than others. This situation is analogous to the formation of a standing wave in a river: the wave looks static despite water moving downstream. We find similar features in the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), including elongated catchments and evidence that the main ridgeline is actively migrating toward the fault. This helps to validate the model, and highlights that advection can make landscapes more dynamic than expected.
Key Points
Divide migration is required to balance advection and maintain spatially fixed drainage divides in steady‐state landscapes with advection
Elongate catchments and erosional disequilibrium at divides are diagnostic of strong advection, as observed in Sierra la Laguna, Mexico
Divide migration can occur without affecting the drainage area of adjacent catchments in the presence of a high tectonic advection velocity</description><subject>Advection</subject><subject>Catchment area</subject><subject>Catchments</subject><subject>divide migration</subject><subject>Drainage</subject><subject>Drainage patterns</subject><subject>Earth crust</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Erosion control</subject><subject>Erosion rates</subject><subject>Fronts</subject><subject>Geomorphology</subject><subject>Horizontal advection</subject><subject>Horizontal motion</subject><subject>Landscape</subject><subject>landscape evolution</subject><subject>Modelling</subject><subject>Mountains</subject><subject>Movement</subject><subject>numerical modeling</subject><subject>Outlets</subject><subject>River basins</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Shape</subject><subject>Standing waves</subject><subject>Subsidence</subject><subject>Surface drainage</subject><subject>tectonic advection</subject><subject>Tectonics</subject><subject>Topography</subject><subject>Uplift</subject><subject>Vertical motion</subject><issn>2169-9003</issn><issn>2169-9011</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM9Kw0AQxhdRsNTefICAV6Ozu_mze6zFtJaqUOo5bJJJTUmzcTep1JOP4DP6JK5UxJNzmBm--fENfIScU7iiwOQ1A8bnCUBMWXREBoxG0pdA6fHvDvyUjKzdgCvhJMoGZLXSrV4b1T5XubdE2-rGotdpb6ZN9aabTtXeuNhh3lW68arGe9Bm67RE9XX3-f5xo_um8O5d75S7LlWzRntGTkpVWxz9zCF5Sm5Xk5m_eJzeTcYLX_FIcL8QFPMgE4IjxoyJuBCikGUeZkFG87AoIeOSAiKCkkJEMQPJI5DIOQtYEfAhuTj4tka_9Gi7dKN707iXKRNhLCHkjDrq8kDlRltrsExbU22V2acU0u_o0r_ROZwf8Neqxv2_bDqfLhNGY8H5FxUKb2A</recordid><startdate>202308</startdate><enddate>202308</enddate><creator>Hoskins, A. M.</creator><creator>Attal, M.</creator><creator>Mudd, S. M.</creator><creator>Castillo, M.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-6492</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-6090</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-5627</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202308</creationdate><title>Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges</title><author>Hoskins, A. M. ; Attal, M. ; Mudd, S. M. ; Castillo, M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a3683-d81ec4b883ee72287d88d9fc5b4b1c5df0b3910eee0a988672093609e33242d43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Advection</topic><topic>Catchment area</topic><topic>Catchments</topic><topic>divide migration</topic><topic>Drainage</topic><topic>Drainage patterns</topic><topic>Earth crust</topic><topic>Elongation</topic><topic>Erosion control</topic><topic>Erosion rates</topic><topic>Fronts</topic><topic>Geomorphology</topic><topic>Horizontal advection</topic><topic>Horizontal motion</topic><topic>Landscape</topic><topic>landscape evolution</topic><topic>Modelling</topic><topic>Mountains</topic><topic>Movement</topic><topic>numerical modeling</topic><topic>Outlets</topic><topic>River basins</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Shape</topic><topic>Standing waves</topic><topic>Subsidence</topic><topic>Surface drainage</topic><topic>tectonic advection</topic><topic>Tectonics</topic><topic>Topography</topic><topic>Uplift</topic><topic>Vertical motion</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hoskins, A. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Attal, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mudd, S. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castillo, M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Collection</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hoskins, A. M.</au><au>Attal, M.</au><au>Mudd, S. M.</au><au>Castillo, M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</jtitle><date>2023-08</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>8</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9003</issn><eissn>2169-9011</eissn><abstract>Tectonic displacements consist of vertical uplift or subsidence, and horizontal advection. We consider the effects of tectonic advection on mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and drainage divides. Through numerically modeling a normal fault and uplifted footwall, we find that advection promotes the elongation of catchments and reduction in outlet spacing at mountain fronts. We demonstrate an erosional disequilibrium associated with the advection‐induced transfer of mass from the proximal mountain front toward the distal mountain front. Our modeling also demonstrates the development of an erosion rate disequilibrium around fixed geomorphic features such as drainage divides, that we deem characteristic of advection. In our model, steady‐state is achieved when the divide migration occurs at the same rate as advection; advection moves topography away from the fault, meaning drainage migration becomes a mechanism for balancing advection. Topographic observations in a mountain range bound by a low angle normal fault, the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), are consistent with our modeling results when advection is included. These observations reveal a strong influence of advection on the development of the Sierra la Laguna's topography and suggest the main drainage divide is migrating toward the fault to counterbalance advection. Tectonic advection exerts a significant control on erosion rate distribution, topographic and drainage patterns and the stability of drainage divides. This work also highlights that the Gilbert metrics and across‐divide χ disequilibrium cannot always be interpreted in terms of growing or shrinking catchments in settings with a large advection component of tectonic displacement.
Plain Language Summary
All mountains experience tectonic motion: vertical motion (uplift or subsidence) and horizontal motion (advection). Here, we use equations that describe how features such as rivers and hillslopes change with time to model the growth of a mountain. We model displacement on a normal fault, which typically forms when the Earth's crust is stretched. We find that advection has a very strong impact on the shape of the landscape: river basins become longer and narrower when advection is faster. We also see the development of differences in erosion rates that allow the main ridgeline to migrate toward the fault at the same rate the land is moved away from the fault: at that point, the shape of the mountain is not changing anymore, despite constant advection and some places eroding much faster than others. This situation is analogous to the formation of a standing wave in a river: the wave looks static despite water moving downstream. We find similar features in the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), including elongated catchments and evidence that the main ridgeline is actively migrating toward the fault. This helps to validate the model, and highlights that advection can make landscapes more dynamic than expected.
Key Points
Divide migration is required to balance advection and maintain spatially fixed drainage divides in steady‐state landscapes with advection
Elongate catchments and erosional disequilibrium at divides are diagnostic of strong advection, as observed in Sierra la Laguna, Mexico
Divide migration can occur without affecting the drainage area of adjacent catchments in the presence of a high tectonic advection velocity</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023JF007126</doi><tpages>30</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-6492</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-6090</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-5627</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Advection Catchment area Catchments divide migration Drainage Drainage patterns Earth crust Elongation Erosion control Erosion rates Fronts Geomorphology Horizontal advection Horizontal motion Landscape landscape evolution Modelling Mountains Movement numerical modeling Outlets River basins Rivers Shape Standing waves Subsidence Surface drainage tectonic advection Tectonics Topography Uplift Vertical motion |
title | Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges |
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