Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Recommendations for a Multi‐Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Biogeosciences 2023-09, Vol.128 (9), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Turpie, Kevin R., Casey, Kimberly A., Crawford, Christopher J., Guild, Liane S., Kieffer, Hugh, Lin, Guoqing (Gary), Kokaly, Raymond, Shrestha, Alok K., Anderson, Cody, Ramaseri Chandra, Shankar N., Green, Robert, Hook, Simon, Lukashin, Constantine, Thome, Kurt
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aeronautics; Algorithms; Analytical methods; biogeoscience; Biological activity; Biology; Calibration; Collaboration; Commonality; Continents; Cooperation; data harmonization; Earth; Earth surface; European Southern Observatory; Geological processes; Geology; Imaging techniques; International cooperation; International System of Units; Mineralogy; Objectives; Pluto; remote sensing; Science; Spectroscopy; Thermal imaging; validation
• ISSN: 2169-8953; 2169-8961
• DOI: 10.1029/2023JG007452

The primary objective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission is to measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth's surface, realizing a key conceptual component of the envisioned NASA Earth System Observatory (ESO). SBG is planned to launch as a two‐platform mission in the late 2020s, the first of the ESO satellites. Targeted science and applications objectives based on observations of the Earth's SBG helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives further drove the need for enabling change detection and trending of surface biological and geological features. These needs implied fundamental calibration goals to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. To meet those goals, calibration and validation pre‐launch and on‐orbit methods formed a basis of the calibration and validation concept, including the combined use of on‐board references, vicarious techniques, and routine lunar imaging. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries, an important feature of the recommended SBG mission architecture, uncovered and emphasized the need for inter‐calibration techniques that underscored the importance of collaborative instrument characterization data sharing and the use of common calibration references that are International System of Units (SI) traceable in pre‐launch and post‐launch on orbit calibration mission phases. International collaboration through the use of terrestrial and aquatic networks on six continents for vicarious calibration and validation activities will further assure necessary science data quality while in orbit. Plain Language Summary The NASA Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission will measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth's surface. Targeted science and applications objectives helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives also defined the need to detect changes and trends in biological and geological process on the face of the Earth. To meet these needs and objectives required fundamental calibration and validation concepts to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. These concepts included methods and resources used before and after launch. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries,