A sustainable valorization of Kenaf stalk by maleic acid pretreatment towards lignin-based sunscreens preparation and papermaking

Lignin has a UV-blocking ability because it contains phenolic and ketone functional groups. However, the lignin produced in the paper industry undergoes extreme polycondensation, resulting in an extremely dark color, which impedes its value-added application in the field of UV-blocking cosmetics. In...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cellulose (London) 2023-10, Vol.30 (15), p.9725-9739
Main Authors: Lyu, Yingren, Ji, Hairui, Ji, Xingxiang, Tian, Zhongjian, Zhang, Fengshan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agricultural wastes
Biocompatibility
Biomass
Bioorganic Chemistry
Ceramics
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Composites
Cosmetics
Esterification
Extreme values
Fibers
Functional groups
Glass
Kenaf
Ketones
Lignin
Lignocellulose
Maleic acid
Nanospheres
Natural Materials
Organic Chemistry
Original Research
Papermaking
Physical Chemistry
Polymer Sciences
Pretreatment
Reagents
Sun screens
Sunscreen
Sustainable Development
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Summary:Lignin has a UV-blocking ability because it contains phenolic and ketone functional groups. However, the lignin produced in the paper industry undergoes extreme polycondensation, resulting in an extremely dark color, which impedes its value-added application in the field of UV-blocking cosmetics. In this study, maleic acid (MA) was used as a green and recyclable reagent to pretreat an agricultural waste lignocellulosic biomass, Kenaf stalk. Lignin underwent a carboxyl esterification reaction with MA to produce light-colored dissolved lignin (DL), which was further prepared into lignin nanospheres and used in lignin-based sunscreens. The results showed that when adding 5 wt% DL-lignin nanospheres (DL-LNPs) to a sunscreen with an actual measured sun protection factor (SPF) of 7.05, the SPF of the lignin-based sunscreen increased to 63.82 far exceeding the commercially available SPF 50 sunscreens. The prepared lignin-based sunscreen had good biocompatibility when applied to human skin and did not stain the skin. The remaining neutral solid after pretreatment was made into Kenaf fibers by PFI milling for papermaking. The ring crush strength index of the paper increased from 2.81 N m/g to 3.14 N m/g when 15 wt% Kenaf fibers was added to the softwood pulp. When the additions Kenaf fibers was 5 wt%, the tensile index and tearing index of the paper increased from 8.57 N m/g and 4.68 mN m 2 /g to 9.22 N m/g and 5.48 mN m 2 /g, respectively. Therefore, this study provides a new way for the value-added utilization of Kenaf stalk lignocellulosic biomass. Graphical abstract
ISSN:0969-0239
1572-882X
DOI:10.1007/s10570-023-05468-2