Preparation of High-quality Oil from Vegetable Oil with High-free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content Using an Ammonia/Methanol Solution

• Published in: Journal of Oleo Science 2023, Vol.72(9), pp.859-867
• Main Authors: Le, Hanh Ngoc Thi, Uyen, Nguyen Huynh Phuong, Phuoc, Hung Duong, Imamura, Kiyoshi, Furuta, Masakazu, Maeda, Yasuaki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ammonia; ammonia base; Biofuels; Fatty acids; high-quality oil; methanol solvent; Miscibility; preparation; Raw materials; Reagents; Separation; Solvents; vegetable oil with high-free fatty acid; Vegetable oils
• ISSN: 1345-8957; 1347-3352
• DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23045

There are significant concerns regarding the quality of vegetable oils in the food and biofuel industries. In this study, we explored the preparation of high- quality oil from high-free fatty acid (FFA) vegetable oil using an ammonia/MeOH solvent as an alkali base. Among the six tested solvents, MeOH was the most suitable for the separation of the oil and FFAs. Among the three alkali bases, ammonia enhanced the miscibility of FFAs in MeOH by forming ammonium salts. The amounts of FFAs in the upper layer and oil in the lower layer were positively correlated (r = 0.9348 and 0.9617, respectively) with MeOH. With increasing MeOH concentration, the amount of oil in the lower layer increased along with the FFAs in the upper layer. Using the molar ratio of ammonia to FFA 1:1 and the ratio (v/w) of MeOH to oil 4:3, 91.6% FFAs and 97.8% oil in the upper and lower layers, respectively, were produced from 50% FFA oil. Using a relational expression of FFAs and oil in the upper layer, 97.1% FFAs and 99.6% oil in each layer was obtained from 10% FFA oil. The oil in the lower layer was further purified by extraction with MeOH. This method is easy and efficient for the separation and purification of oil, accompanied by the reuse of reagents with almost no loss of raw materials.