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Housing as asset and payment: Construction, speculation, and financialization at the European periphery
Construction booms have dominated Albania's economy and politics since the late 1990s. These booms continued even during times of illiquidity. One of the sources of financing construction in Albania is the practice of klering (in‐kind payments). In this practice, developers pay subcontractors i...
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Published in: | American anthropologist 2023-12, Vol.125 (4), p.865-879 |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Construction booms have dominated Albania's economy and politics since the late 1990s. These booms continued even during times of illiquidity. One of the sources of financing construction in Albania is the practice of klering (in‐kind payments). In this practice, developers pay subcontractors in (future) apartments in exchange for materials and labor. I argue that, in klering transactions, housing serves as an asset and a means of payment. The practice of klering emerged at the interface of postcommunist transformations, neoliberal reforms, and the fetishization of housing as an asset of more durable and multifaceted economic and cultural value. While grounded in the local histories and values of housing, klering is made possible by a fuzzy property regime, systemic corruption, and widespread informality. At the same time, klering echoes other global patterns pertaining to housing, such as the rise of asset economy, financialization, and money laundering through real estate purchases. The klering economy echoes speculative logics and practices that are prevalent across and that link centers and peripheries, formal and informal markets. These economic logics generate uncertainty and ambiguity; they mobilize social networks and cultural imaginaries; and they thrive on and further reproduce deep social and economic inequalities.
Las bonanzas de la construcción han dominado la economía y la política de Albania desde finales de los 1990s. Estas bonanzas continuaron aún durante tiempos de iliquidez. Una de las fuentes de financiación de la construcción en Albania es la práctica de klering (pagos en especie). En esta práctica, los constructores les pagan a los subcontratistas en apartamentos (futuros) a cambio de materiales y trabajo. Argumento que, en transacciones klering, la vivienda sirve como un activo y como un medio de pago. La práctica de klering emergió en la interfase de las transformaciones poscomunistas, las reformas neoliberales y la fetichización de la vivienda como un activo de más durable y multifacético valor económico y cultural. Mientras sustentada en las historias locales y los valores de la vivienda, klering es hecho posible por un régimen de propiedad confuso, una corrupción sistemática y una informalidad generalizada. Al mismo tiempo, klering repite otros patrones globales pertenecientes a la vivienda, tales como el incremento de la economía de activos, la financialización y el lavado de dinero a través de las compras de bienes raíces. La e |
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ISSN: | 0002-7294 1548-1433 |
DOI: | 10.1111/aman.13913 |