Application of the Q-Slope Empirical Approach for Slope Stability Assessment of Spanish Mountain Roads in Winter—Combining Remote Techniques with Virtual Reality

• Published in: Sustainability 2023-11, Vol.15 (22), p.15744
• Main Authors: Bernal, Cesar Patricio Borja, Jordá Bordehore, Luis
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Altitude; Case studies; Data collection; Data entry; Ice; Methods; Mountains; Resorts & spas; Ski resorts; Skiing; Sustainability; Virtual reality
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su152215744

The Q-slope (2015) geomechanical classification is the only empirical methodology for slope stability analysis that considers the effect of ice. This article shows the results of its application for icy slopes in Spain. Despite its sunny image, Spain is a mountainous country with cold winters. Slopes alongside a mountain road and a ski resort carpark have been studied in Puerto de Navacerrada (Madrid region) and Benasque (Pyrenees). This work combines the manual collection of geomechanical data on slope characteristics with an empirical analysis of slope stability and remote data acquisition techniques (Structure from Motion, SfM). The results of the field data collection are shown in a metaverse with two approaches: a 360° image virtual tour and a 3D image repository. One of the novelties of this work is that researchers who wish to replicate these analyses can access a table of input parameters and make a virtual field trip to see the parameters included in this study. The results show that the Q-slope methodology is useful for stability analysis and is conservative in terms of recommendations: All the slopes that are seen as unstable appear as such, but some slopes that do not present problems are shown as “transitional” slopes. The data and observations taken are useful for increasing the methodology database and for completing existing graphs of stable vertical slopes with good quality, as well as slopes with little slope and low quality.