Admission Screening for Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) in Bone Marrow Transplant Populations

• Published in: Infection control and hospital epidemiology 2020-10, Vol.41 (S1), p.s113-s113
• Main Authors: Tarabay, Jessica, Ayers, Marie, Soni, Tanushree, Langston, Amelia, Bracewell, Emily, Bell, Christina, Crain, Maria, Hutcherson, Don, Smiley, Mitzy
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Asymptomatic; Bacterial infections; Bone marrow; Colonization; Disease control; Disease transmission; Infections; Prevention; Risk factors; Stem cell transplantation; Stem cells; Toxins
• ISSN: 0899-823X; 1559-6834
• DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.618

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and is often associated with increased medical costs and longer lengths of hospital stay. Previous studies have highlighted that hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at an increased risk for CDI of up to 33% from other hospitalized patients. Studies have also supported the prevalence of asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile among HSCT patients. Asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile is a significant risk factor for transmission of infection to other patients developing hospital onset (HO-CDI). Therefore, targeted infection prevention efforts, such as early identification of patients with community-onset (CO-CDI) and patients with asymptomatic colonization with CDI in HSCT patients, may be effective in reducing the occurrence of HO-CDI. We discuss the CDI admission screening protocol in Emory University Hospital’s (EUH) bone marrow transplant (BMT) unit. Methods: As part of an infection prevention initiative, a CDI screening protocol was implemented in December 2018 for all patients that admitted to the EUH inpatient BMT unit. Upon admission, patients were screened for CO-CDI symptoms, specifically loose or unformed stools. A C. difficile toxin assay PCR would be collected within the first 3 calendar days of admission for all patients screened. Patients with symptoms were placed on isolation precautions pending results of the C. difficile toxin assay. If a patient had a positive C. difficile toxin assay result, isolation precautions would be maintained for the duration of hospitalization regardless of symptoms. Patients who are were unable to produce a stool specimen on the first 3 days of admission were excluded from the screening protocol. Patients with positive C. difficile toxin assay PCRs were classified as CO-CDI and were treated. Results: Since implementation of the CDI screening protocol, 109 CDI events were identified from January 2019 to October 2019. Moreover, 79% of positive C. difficile toxin assays were collected within the first 3 calendar days of admission. HO-CDI has decreased from 78% in 2018 to 21% during the designated time frame. Conclusions: CDI screening upon admission of BMT populations has shown a decrease among HO-CDI by early identification of CO-CDI and CO asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile . This early identification has allowed rapid implementation of infection preventions precaution