Toward a strongly coupled assimilation in the Earth System Prediction Capability system

• Published in: Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2024-01, Vol.150 (758), p.544-558
• Main Authors: Yaremchuk, M., Barron, C. N., Crawford, W., DeHaan, C., Rowley, C., Ruston, B., Townsend, T.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Approximation; Convergence; coupled modeling; Data assimilation; Data collection; Hybridization; iterative methods; Oceans; strongly coupled data assimilation; Vectors
• ISSN: 0035-9009; 1477-870X
• DOI: 10.1002/qj.4611

We assess a possibility to efficiently represent the strongly coupled increment in an ocean–atmosphere coupled data assimilation (DA) system by applying an iterative procedure involving uncoupled solvers and the weakly coupled analysis as a first guess approximation to the strongly coupled increment. Using the output of the ensemble‐based weakly coupled DA system, we explore convergence of the approximations to the strongly coupled DA solution by applying the uncoupled solver to a sequence of innovation vectors at various spacetime locations over the global ocean grid. The results demonstrate that, in general, fewer than two iterations are required to approximate the coupled increment in the majority of the locations tested with sufficient (3%) accuracy given the uncertainty of the background error covariance estimated from the limited number of the ensemble members. We assess the impact of data thinning and hybridization of the background error covariance model on the convergence of the iterative approximations to the strongly coupled increment. An empirical relationship between the spectral radius of the expansion matrix and convergence rate is obtained. A method of recursive approximations of the strongly coupled data assimilation solution is tested in the operational configuration of the weakly coupled global ensemble of the Earth System Prediction Capability system. The tests show that applying uncoupled solvers to the sequence of coupled innovations reduces the approximation error of the strongly coupled solution 10–20 times per iteration depending on the location of the increment on the globe (examples shown in the figure). The result indicates the feasibility of implementing the approach in an operational setting.