Recognizing the ephemeral stream floodplain: Identification and importance of flood zones in drylands

• Published in: Earth surface processes and landforms 2024-01, Vol.49 (1), p.210-235
• Main Authors: Scamardo, Julianne E., Wohl, Ellen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anthropogenic factors; Arid lands; Arid zones; Attenuation; Biogeochemical cycles; Channels; climate change; Ecological function; Ephemeral streams; Flood frequency; Flooding; floodplain storage; Floodplains; Floods; Flora; Geomorphology; habitat; Highlands; Human influences; Landforms; Literature reviews; mapping; Perennial streams; Rivers; Sediment; Sediment load; Storage; Stream discharge; Stream flow; Streams; Subsurface water; Vegetation
• ISSN: 0197-9337; 1096-9837
• DOI: 10.1002/esp.5754

Previous syntheses of the hydrologic, geomorphic and biotic functions of floodplains have largely integrated research conducted along perennial stream networks, despite a growing body of literature on analogous functional floodplain zones along ephemeral streams. Although variable inundation characteristic of ephemeral streams complicates the delineation between channel and floodplain, ephemeral stream floodplains are distinct landforms that are hypothesized to host similar ecosystem functions as perennial stream floodplains, including the attenuation of downstream fluxes and provision of habitat to diverse flora and fauna. Here, we review the literature on dryland ephemeral stream floodplains in order to identify: (1) common definitions and styles; (2) unique hydrologic, geomorphic and biotic functions separate from uplands or channels; (3) current and future anthropogenic and natural stressors to such functions; and (4) knowledge gaps regarding research on ephemeral stream floodplains. Although active floodplain definitions follow criteria commonly used in perennial stream corridors, the extent of ephemeral stream floodplains is typically defined by less frequent floods. A set of floodplain styles emerges from the literature dependent on confinement and the presence of channelized streamflow. Functions related to attenuation and storage are typically concentrated in unconfined, channelled floodplains. The temporary storage of sediment and subsurface water in ephemeral stream floodplains makes them disproportionately important for biogeochemical cycling and hosts to richer, denser and more diverse vegetation communities compared with surrounding uplands. Many functions of ephemeral stream floodplains are also found in perennial counterparts, but variable flow regimes and sediment loads in ephemeral streams can potentially impact rates and magnitudes of comparable processes and functions. Future research needs to incorporate a holistic view of the ephemeral stream corridor—including channels and floodplains—to better understand current and future fluvial processes and cascading impacts in drylands globally. Floodplains in ephemeral stream corridors share temporary inundation with dry channels, yet variations in hydrologic, geomorphic and biotic characteristics lead to unique functions in overbank areas. Based on a synthesis of the prior literature, definitions of the floodplain boundary and extent were revisited, and distinct floodplain styles were identif