Pyrometallurgical reduction of manganese-rich black mass from discarded batteries using charcoal

The recycling of heavy metals contained in alkaline batteries allows minimizing the environmental impact and gives an alternative use to this waste, which can be used in the pyrometallurgical industry. In the present research work, we evaluated the possibility of reducing the manganese oxide black m...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Clean technologies and environmental policy 2024-02, Vol.26 (2), p.307-317
Main Authors: Nieto-Arango, Edgar, Sánchez-Rojas, Juan J., Palacios, Jhon Freddy, Hernández-Pardo, Diego, Perez-Acevedo, Diego, Delvasto, Pedro
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alkaline batteries
Bentonite
Charcoal
Earth and Environmental Science
Environment
Environmental Economics
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Environmental impact
Eucalyptus
Heavy metals
Industrial and Production Engineering
Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering
Light microscopy
Manganese
Manganese oxides
Mathematical models
Microscopy
Optical microscopy
Original Paper
Pellets
Raw materials
Recycling
Reducing agents
Scanning electron microscopy
Sustainable Development
X-ray diffraction
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Summary:The recycling of heavy metals contained in alkaline batteries allows minimizing the environmental impact and gives an alternative use to this waste, which can be used in the pyrometallurgical industry. In the present research work, we evaluated the possibility of reducing the manganese oxide black mass from discarded alkaline batteries to produce metallic manganese, using charcoal as a reducing agent. The procedure begins with the characterization of the raw materials, the stoichiometric calculations and the preparation of a practical method to produce self-reducing pellets, composed of manganiferous material, charcoal and bentonite as agglomerant. Computer simulations were performed, to establish the appropriate thermodynamic conditions for reduction. The tests were carried out in a tubular-type furnace, and the results obtained were evaluated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with microchemical analyses and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was verified that the agglomerates showed a self-reducing behavior, so an increase of the %Mn in the samples due to increasing the temperature of the reduction treatment was found, as well as the presence of a metallic manganese phase that was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Graphical Abstract Flow sheet for the production of self-reducing pellets containing eucalyptus charcoal for the recycling of manganese contained in spent alkaline batteries
ISSN:1618-954X
1618-9558
DOI:10.1007/s10098-023-02620-1