A soft and transient ultraluminous X-ray source with six-hour modulation in the NGC\,300 galaxy

• Published in: Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin) 2024-02, Vol.682
• Main Authors: Sacchi, A, Esposito, P, de Martino, D, Soria, R, Israel, G L, Sander, A A C, Sidoli, L, Buckley, D A H, Monageng, I M, Tiengo, A, M. Arca Sedda, Pinto, C, R. Di Stefano, Imbrogno, M, Carleo, A, Rivolta, G
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Binary stars; Companion stars; Modulation; Soft x rays; Spiral galaxies; Transients (astronomy); X ray sources; X-ray astronomy; XMM (spacecraft)
• ISSN: 0004-6361; 1432-0746
• DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202346463

We investigate the nature of CXOU\,J005440.5-374320 ( a peculiar bright ($ and soft X-ray transient in the spiral galaxy NGC\,300 with a six-hour periodic flux modulation that was detected in a 2014 observation. Subsequent observations with and as well as a large observational campaign of NGC\,300 and its sources performed with the Swift Neil Gehrels Observatory showed that this source exhibits recurrent flaring activity: four other outbursts were detected across sim 8 years of monitoring. Using data from the archive and from the and catalogues, we determined that the source is likely associated with a bright blue optical/ultraviolet counterpart. This prompted us to perform follow-up observations with the Southern African Large Telescope in December 2019. With the multi-wavelength information at hand, we discuss several possibilities for the nature of Although none is able to account for the full range of the observed peculiar features, we found that the two most promising scenarios are a stellar-mass compact object in a binary system with a Wolf--Rayet star companion, or the recurrent tidal stripping of a stellar object trapped in a system with an intermediate-mass (sim 1000\,M$_ black hole.