Unlabeled learning algorithms and operations: overview and future trends in defense sector

• Published in: The Artificial intelligence review 2024-02, Vol.57 (3), p.66, Article 66
• Main Authors: e Oliveira, Eduardo, Rodrigues, Marco, Pereira, João Paulo, Lopes, António M., Mestric, Ivana Ilic, Bjelogrlic, Sandro
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science; Computer vision; Cybersecurity; Defense industry; Drone vehicles; Language translation; Machine learning; Target detection; Target recognition; Word processing
• ISSN: 1573-7462; 0269-2821; 1573-7462
• DOI: 10.1007/s10462-023-10692-0

In the defense sector, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been used to analyse and decipher massive volumes of data, namely for target recognition, surveillance, threat detection and cybersecurity, autonomous vehicles and drones guidance, and language translation. However, there are key points that have been identified as barriers or challenges, especially related to data curation. For this reason, and also due to the need for quick response, the defense sector is looking for AI technologies capable of successfully processing and extracting results from huge amounts of unlabelled or very poorly labelled data. This paper presents an in-depth review of AI/ML algorithms for unsupervised or poorly supervised data, and machine learning operations (MLOps) techniques that are suitable for the defense industry. The algorithms are divided according to their nature, meaning that they either focus on techniques, or on applications. Techniques can belong to the supervision spectrum, or focus on explainability. Applications are either focused on text processing or computer vision. MLOps techniques, tools and practices are then discussed, revealing approaches and reporting experiences with the objective of declaring how to make the operationalization of ML integrated systems more efficient. Despite many contributions from several researchers and industry, further efforts are required to construct substantially robust and reliable models and supporting infrastructures for AI systems, which are reliable and suitable for the defense sector. This review brings up-to-date information regarding AI algorithms and MLOps that will be helpful for future research in the field.