Energy‐aware power allocation using Ladybug Beetle Honey Badger Optimization in multiple‐input multiple‐output‐non‐orthogonal multiple access with multiple users

• Published in: International journal of communication systems 2024-06, Vol.37 (9), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Sk, Khaleelahmed, VenkateswaraRao, N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Beetles; Clustering; Demodulation; Fourier transforms; Ladybug Beetle Honey Badger Optimization (LBHBO); MIMO communication; multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO); Nonorthogonal multiple access; non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA); Optimization; power allocation (PA); Quadrature amplitude modulation; user equipment (UE)
• ISSN: 1074-5351; 1099-1131
• DOI: 10.1002/dac.5761

Summary The non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is highly capable of serving multiple users at similar times and frequencies. The power allocation (PA) is widely considered as a main factor in NOMA for efficient communication. Here, the application of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) is added to NOMA to fulfill demands of enriched spectral efficiencies and extra user data. In this research, the Ladybug Beetle Honey Badger Optimization (LBHBO) is proposed for efficient PA in MIMO‐NOMA. Initially, the received signals from the user are modulated for amplitude and frequency. Then, user grouping is conducted by fuzzy local information c‐means (FLICM) clustering followed by using PA done by proposed LBHBO. This power is then moved to the transmitter and then to the channel estimation process. Moreover, cyclic prefix (CP) removal is carried out that tends to discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Finally, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) demodulation is performed for reallocated output. Furthermore, LBHBO is formed by combining Ladybug Beetle Optimization (LBO) and Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). The performance offered by the LBHBO‐PA with maximal values with energy efficiency (EE) of 25.38 Mbits/s, sum rate of 1.29 Mbits/s, and achievable rate of 100.47 Mbits/s. In this research, the Ladybug Beetle Honey Badger Optimization (LBHBO) is proposed for efficient power allocation (PA) in multiple‐input multiple‐output‐non‐orthogonal multiple access (MIMO‐NOMA). The user grouping is conducted by fuzzy local information c‐means (FLICM) clustering followed by using PA done by proposed LBHBO. This power is then moved to the transmitter and then to the channel estimation process. The LBHBO is formed by combining Ladybug Beetle Optimization (LBO) and Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA).