Urea Effect on Cellulose Phosphorylation and Sustainable Valorization of Recycled Washing Filtrates

Phosphorylated cellulose is a versatile material with a wide range of applications. However, traditional cellulose phosphorylation processes require toxic organic solvents. Safe and urea-based processes are adopted as promising alternatives, which still generate substantial waste, leading to high pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Waste and biomass valorization 2024, Vol.15 (6), p.3239-3254
Main Authors: Boukind, Soumia, Ablouh, El-Houssaine, EL Achaby, Mounir, Sehaqui, Houssine
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cellulose
Engineering
Environment
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Flame retardants
Industrial applications
Industrial Pollution Prevention
Organic solvents
Original Paper
Phosphorylation
Production costs
Recyclability
Renewable and Green Energy
Substitutes
Urea
Ureas
Washing
Waste Management/Waste Technology
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Summary:Phosphorylated cellulose is a versatile material with a wide range of applications. However, traditional cellulose phosphorylation processes require toxic organic solvents. Safe and urea-based processes are adopted as promising alternatives, which still generate substantial waste, leading to high production costs and environmental concerns. Recycling the residual urea from aqueous wastes can reduce the phosphorylation cost. This work, investigated the recyclability of urea from washing filtrates, aiming to develop a cost-effective phosphorylation approach. Different urea amounts were tested to evaluate the urea effect on cellulose phosphorylation. Results indicated enhanced phosphorylation and flame-retardant ability with higher urea amounts. Cellulose phosphorylation using first and second washing filtrates was inspected to substitute urea. This study revealed the potential use of filtrates from two consecutive washings as a substitute for pure urea, which holds great potential for industrial applications, as it can be easily implemented on a larger scale for broader use. Graphical Abstract Created with BioRender.com
ISSN:1877-2641
1877-265X
DOI:10.1007/s12649-023-02376-1