Training of Physical Neural Networks

Physical neural networks (PNNs) are a class of neural-like networks that leverage the properties of physical systems to perform computation. While PNNs are so far a niche research area with small-scale laboratory demonstrations, they are arguably one of the most underappreciated important opportunit...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:arXiv.org 2024-06
Main Authors: Momeni, Ali, Rahmani, Babak, Scellier, Benjamin, Wright, Logan G, McMahon, Peter L, Wanjura, Clara C, Li, Yuhang, Skalli, Anas, Berloff, Natalia G, Onodera, Tatsuhiro, Oguz, Ilker, Morichetti, Francesco, Philipp del Hougne, Manuel Le Gallo, Abu, Sebastian, Mirhoseini, Azalia, Zhang, Cheng, Marković, Danijela, Brunner, Daniel, Moser, Christophe, Gigan, Sylvain, Marquardt, Florian, Ozcan, Aydogan, Grollier, Julie, Liu, Andrea J, Psaltis, Demetri, Alù, Andrea, Fleury, Romain
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algorithms
Back propagation
Back propagation networks
Machine learning
Neural networks
Scale models
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Physical neural networks (PNNs) are a class of neural-like networks that leverage the properties of physical systems to perform computation. While PNNs are so far a niche research area with small-scale laboratory demonstrations, they are arguably one of the most underappreciated important opportunities in modern AI. Could we train AI models 1000x larger than current ones? Could we do this and also have them perform inference locally and privately on edge devices, such as smartphones or sensors? Research over the past few years has shown that the answer to all these questions is likely "yes, with enough research": PNNs could one day radically change what is possible and practical for AI systems. To do this will however require rethinking both how AI models work, and how they are trained - primarily by considering the problems through the constraints of the underlying hardware physics. To train PNNs at large scale, many methods including backpropagation-based and backpropagation-free approaches are now being explored. These methods have various trade-offs, and so far no method has been shown to scale to the same scale and performance as the backpropagation algorithm widely used in deep learning today. However, this is rapidly changing, and a diverse ecosystem of training techniques provides clues for how PNNs may one day be utilized to create both more efficient realizations of current-scale AI models, and to enable unprecedented-scale models.
ISSN:2331-8422