Impact of usership on bacterial contamination of public latrine surfaces in Kathmandu, Nepal

According to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), community or public toilets shared by more than one household are not considered “safely managed” under SDG 6.2. However, many populations around the globe, particularly in urban settings, lack access to private sanitation fa...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PLOS water 2023-02, Vol.2 (2), p.e0000091
Main Authors: Mraz, Alexis L., McGinnis, Shannon M., Marini, Dianna, Amatya, Prakash, Murphy, Heather M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Best practice
Cleaning
Cleanliness
Coliforms
Contamination
Defecation
Developing countries
E coli
Earthquakes
Households
Latrines
LDCs
Plumbing fixtures
Population
Sanitation
Sanitation facilities
Sanitation services
Sustainable development
Toilet facilities
Toilets
Urban areas
Urban environments
Urbanization
Womens health
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Summary:According to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), community or public toilets shared by more than one household are not considered “safely managed” under SDG 6.2. However, many populations around the globe, particularly in urban settings, lack access to private sanitation facilities. For this reason, there is a need to evaluate the cleanliness of community or public toilets in these settings and examine best practices for maintaining them. This study had three aims: 1) build on previous data collected in March 2018 at public latrines to determine whether cleaning protocols were sustained, 2) examine relationships between latrine cleanliness and usership, and 3) identify latrine surfaces with higher concentrations of bacterial contamination. In March 2018 and December 2019, swab samples were collected from public latrine surfaces in Kathmandu, Nepal. Sampling occurred in “clean” conditions–after cleaning and before the latrine was opened for use–and “dirty” conditions–during operating hours. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC). The number of latrine users prior to the “dirty” sample collection was recorded (in December 2019 only). Results found that both TC and EC concentrations were significantly lower during “clean” rather than “dirty” conditions and both TC and EC concentrations increased with the number of users over time. TC and EC concentrations differed by surface type during dirty and clean conditions (p
ISSN:2767-3219
2767-3219
DOI:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000091