Estimates of the Isotope Effect for Nitrate Assimilation in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Oceans 2024-07, Vol.129 (7), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Thomas, R. K., Fawcett, S. E., Forrer, H. J., Robinson, C. M., Knapp, A. N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algae; Antarctic expeditions; Assimilation; Availability; Biological assimilation; Carbon cycle; Chlorophyll; Chlorophylls; Community composition; Composition; Consumption; Environmental factors; Estimates; Growing season; Indian sector; Iron; Isotope effect; Isotope ratios; Isotopes; Light; Multiship expeditions; nitrate assimilation; Nitrates; Nitrification; nitrogen cycle; Nitrogen isotopes; Nutrient concentrations; Nutrients; Oceans; Photosynthetically active radiation; Phytoplankton; Plankton; Radiation flux; Signatures; southern ocean; Summer; Surface water; Upper ocean; Water analysis; Water sampling
• ISSN: 2169-9275; 2169-9291
• DOI: 10.1029/2023JC020830

The Southern Ocean is a high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) region characterized by incomplete nitrate (NO3−) consumption by phytoplankton in surface waters. During this incomplete consumption, phytoplankton preferentially assimilate the 14N‐ versus the 15N‐bearing form of NO3−, quantified as the NO3− assimilation isotope effect (15ε). Previous summertime estimates of the 15ε from HNLC regions range from 4 to 11‰. While culture work has shown that the 15ε varies among phytoplankton species, as well as with light and iron stress, we lack a systematic understanding of how and why the 15ε varies in the field. Here we estimate the 15ε from water‐column profile and surface‐water samples collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean—the first leg of the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (December 2016–January 2017) and the Crossroads transect (April 2016). Consistent with prior work in the mid‐to‐late summer Southern Ocean, we estimate a higher 15ε (8.9 ± 0.6‰) for the northern Subantarctic Zone and a lower 15ε (5.4 ± 0.9‰) at and south of the Subantarctic Front. We interpret our data in the context of coincident measurements of phytoplankton community composition and estimates of iron and light stress. Similar to prior work, we find a significant, negative relationship between the 15ε and the average mixed‐layer photosynthetically active radiation flux of 30–100 μmol m−2 s−1, while above 100 μmol m−2 s−1, 15ε increases again. In addition, while we observe no robust relationship of the 15ε to iron availability or phytoplankton community, mixed‐layer nitrification over the Kerguelen Plateau appears to strongly influence its magnitude. Plain Language Summary The Southern Ocean, and the Subantarctic in particular, is an import region for global carbon cycling that is largely driven by microscopic algae, phytoplankton. Regarded as a high‐nutrient and low‐chlorophyll region, the Subantarctic surface nutrient essential for phytoplankton growth, nitrate, remains in high concentrations over the summertime growing season. During the consumption of nitrate, phytoplankton assimilates nitrate isotopes at varying ratios, likely due to environmental factors, and imparting isotopic signatures. During the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition and Crossroads transect, we collected samples from the Indian Sector of the Subantarctic during the mid‐to‐late summer. Here we use measurements of nitrate and its isotope ratios to better constrain these signatures and identi