International Biological Flora: Ceratonia siliqua

• Published in: The Journal of ecology 2024-08, Vol.112 (8), p.1885-1922
• Main Authors: Thomas, Peter A., Garcia‐Martí, Xavier, Mukassabi, Tarek A., Tous, Joan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biotic factors; Calcareous soils; Carbon sequestration; Carob; Ceratonia siliqua; climatic limitation; conservation; Cultivars; dioecy; Domestic animals; Dormancy; Drought; Drought resistance; drought tolerance; ecophysiology; Fauna; Flora; Food sources; Foods; Fruit cultivation; Fruits; geographical and altitudinal distribution; habitats; Herbal medicine; Herbivores; Hermaphrodites; Hermaphroditism; Ingestion; Insects; Locust bean gum; medicine; Mediterranean region; Pests; pests and pathogens; phenology; plant communities; Plants; Pollination; production; Regrowth; reproductive biology; seed coat; seed dormancy; Seeds; shrubs; Soil erosion; subtropics; trees; Wildfires
• ISSN: 0022-0477; 1365-2745
• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14325

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Ceratonia siliqua is a lowland evergreen shrub or tree, native around the Mediterranean basin and widely cultivated in areas with a warm temperate and subtropical climate, with more than 100 named cultivars. Carob grows on a wide range of soils including nutrient‐poor and strongly calcareous, dry soils. Carob is dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite although females dominate in cultivation due to their fruit. Pollination is primarily by insects and the relatively large seeds are spread mainly by ingestion of fruits by mammals. Seed dormancy is imposed by a hard seed coat and seeds germinate readily after natural or artificial scarification. Drought tolerance is very high, acting as a drought avoiding water spender. Carob is also very tolerant of saline conditions and tolerant of fire and can act to restrict wildfire spread by generating fuel discontinuity. It shows high post‐fire regrowth. Old individuals house a diversity of associated fauna and are comparatively unaffected by serious pests and diseases. Carob has a long cultural history around the Mediterranean as a food source for humans and domesticated animals, in herbal and modern medicine and, more recently, for the carob bean gum used in a variety of domestic products and foods. Commercial production of fruits has declined over past decades but the low cultural care needed in growing orchards, potential new markets for fruit and seeds, and growing use of the tree to prevent soil erosion and sequester carbon gives carob a brighter future. Resumen En este artículo se presenta información relativa en todos los aspectos relacionados con la biología de la leguminosa arbórea Ceratonia siliqua L. (Algarrobo o Garrofer) y que son relevantes para un mayor conocimiento de sus características y comportamiento ecológico. Los aspectos principales se desarrollan dentro del marco estándar de la International Biological Flora: distribución, hábitat, comunidades, respuesta a factores bióticos, respuestas al medioambiente, estructura, fisiología,