Formation and desorption of sulphur chains (H2Sx and Sx) in cometary ice: effects of ice composition and temperature

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2024-09, Vol.533 (1), p.967-978
• Main Authors: Carrascosa, H, Muñoz Caro, G M, Martín-Doménech, R, Cazaux, S, Chen, Y -J, Fuente, A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cations; Cometary composition; Composition effects; High temperature; Ice formation; Low temperature; Mass spectra; Mass spectrometers; Mixtures; Rosetta mission; Sulfur; Ultrahigh vacuum; Vacuum chambers
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae1768

ABSTRACT The reservoir of sulphur accounting for sulphur depletion in the gas of dense clouds and circumstellar regions is still unclear. One possibility is the formation of sulphur chains, which would be difficult to detect by spectroscopic techniques. This work explores the formation of sulphur chains experimentally, both in pure H$_2$S ice samples and in H$_2$O:H$_2$S ice mixtures. An ultrahigh vacuum chamber, ISAC, eqquipped with FTIR and QMS, was used for the experiments. Our results show that the formation of H$_2$S$_x$ species is efficient, not only in pure H$_2$S ice samples, but also in water-rich ice samples. Large sulphur chains are formed more efficiently at low temperatures ($\approx$10 K), while high temperatures ($\approx$50 K) favour the formation of short sulphur chains. Mass spectra of H$_2$S$_x$, x = 2–6, species are presented for the first time. Their analysis suggests that H$_2$S$_x$ species are favoured in comparison with S$_x$ chains. Nevertheless, the detection of several S$_x^+$ fragments at high temperatures in H$_2$S:H$_2$O ice mixtures suggests the presence of S$_8$ in the irradiated ice samples, which could sublimate from 260 K. ROSINA instrument data from the cometary Rosetta mission detected mass-to-charge ratios 96 and 128. Comparing these detections with our experiments, we propose two alternatives: (1) H$_2$S$_4$ and H$_2$S$_5$ to be responsible of those S$_3^+$ and S$_4^+$ cations, respectively, or (2) S$_8$ species, sublimating and being fragmented in the mass spectrometer. If S$_8$ is the parent molecule, then S$_5^+$ and S$_6^+$ cations could be also detected in future missions by broadening the mass spectrometer range.