Loading…
An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data
This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from w...
Saved in:
Published in: | Earth sciences research journal 2022-05, Vol.26 (1), p.13-22 |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3 |
---|---|
cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3 |
container_end_page | 22 |
container_issue | 1 |
container_start_page | 13 |
container_title | Earth sciences research journal |
container_volume | 26 |
creator | Tunalioglu, Nursu Altuntas, Cemali |
description | This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from where the signal reflects on the ground and arrives at the GPS antenna phase center. To achieve that, an experimental case with two stations was conducted in the snow-free environment and GPS receivers were mounted on reflectors, which allowed to measure daily in-situ reflector heights and artificial decrement variations. The reflections from the roof surface were tracked with the first-Fresnel zones. To validate the estimated reflector heights in a controlled test environment, twelve different combinations within four simulated scenarios as a combination of decrement values have been implemented and accuracy analysis was performed. Here, a vertical shift procedure on reflectors was applied. Meanwhile, the vertical shift amount was tracked in each computation to determine which reflected signal could be able to use for assigning reflector height as effective. Comparisons of the estimated heights and in-situ measurements show congruency with ±1.2 cm to ±8 cm accuracy. The best overall accuracy of the model among the four scenarios is computed as ±2.2 cm. When the vertical shift decrements are considered, the RMSE values are estimated within ±2.92 cm to ±3.96 cm. Although the RMSEs of the differences show a good agreement with estimated reflector heights, it is found that some reflector height estimations are statistically insignificant. |
doi_str_mv | 10.15446/esrj.v26n1.87003 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_3099470405</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3099470405</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNotkE9PAjEQxRujiYh-AG9NPC_273Z7JETRhIgRPTfd7hSW4C62BfXbW8DTvGReZt77IXRLyYhKIcp7iGE92rOyo6NKEcLP0IBxrgsupD5HA6q0KEqqySW6inFNiFSMyQGajzsMP1sI7Sd0yW5wgpiw7wNuIIFLbbfE4P1B7QEH8Jss83YF7XKV8HebVnj6usCLlzfc2GSv0YW3mwg3_3OIPh4f3idPxWw-fZ6MZ4VjhKdCydqJijHLdCOahnoGTnOlqtpa5z3TrNRQl5Rmey2t445Y7wQBKSvnK8-H6O50dxv6r13ObNb9LnT5peFEa6GIIDK76MnlQh9jTm-2uagNv4YSc-RmDtzMkZs5cuN_S21izA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3099470405</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data</title><source>Publicly Available Content Database</source><creator>Tunalioglu, Nursu ; Altuntas, Cemali</creator><creatorcontrib>Tunalioglu, Nursu ; Altuntas, Cemali</creatorcontrib><description>This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from where the signal reflects on the ground and arrives at the GPS antenna phase center. To achieve that, an experimental case with two stations was conducted in the snow-free environment and GPS receivers were mounted on reflectors, which allowed to measure daily in-situ reflector heights and artificial decrement variations. The reflections from the roof surface were tracked with the first-Fresnel zones. To validate the estimated reflector heights in a controlled test environment, twelve different combinations within four simulated scenarios as a combination of decrement values have been implemented and accuracy analysis was performed. Here, a vertical shift procedure on reflectors was applied. Meanwhile, the vertical shift amount was tracked in each computation to determine which reflected signal could be able to use for assigning reflector height as effective. Comparisons of the estimated heights and in-situ measurements show congruency with ±1.2 cm to ±8 cm accuracy. The best overall accuracy of the model among the four scenarios is computed as ±2.2 cm. When the vertical shift decrements are considered, the RMSE values are estimated within ±2.92 cm to ±3.96 cm. Although the RMSEs of the differences show a good agreement with estimated reflector heights, it is found that some reflector height estimations are statistically insignificant.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1794-6190</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2339-3459</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v26n1.87003</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bogata: Universidad Nacional de Colombia</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Computation ; Fresnel zones ; Global positioning systems ; GPS ; Height ; In situ measurement ; Reflectors ; Satellite navigation systems ; Signal quality</subject><ispartof>Earth sciences research journal, 2022-05, Vol.26 (1), p.13-22</ispartof><rights>2022. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/3099470405?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25753,27924,27925,37012,44590</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tunalioglu, Nursu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altuntas, Cemali</creatorcontrib><title>An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data</title><title>Earth sciences research journal</title><description>This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from where the signal reflects on the ground and arrives at the GPS antenna phase center. To achieve that, an experimental case with two stations was conducted in the snow-free environment and GPS receivers were mounted on reflectors, which allowed to measure daily in-situ reflector heights and artificial decrement variations. The reflections from the roof surface were tracked with the first-Fresnel zones. To validate the estimated reflector heights in a controlled test environment, twelve different combinations within four simulated scenarios as a combination of decrement values have been implemented and accuracy analysis was performed. Here, a vertical shift procedure on reflectors was applied. Meanwhile, the vertical shift amount was tracked in each computation to determine which reflected signal could be able to use for assigning reflector height as effective. Comparisons of the estimated heights and in-situ measurements show congruency with ±1.2 cm to ±8 cm accuracy. The best overall accuracy of the model among the four scenarios is computed as ±2.2 cm. When the vertical shift decrements are considered, the RMSE values are estimated within ±2.92 cm to ±3.96 cm. Although the RMSEs of the differences show a good agreement with estimated reflector heights, it is found that some reflector height estimations are statistically insignificant.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Computation</subject><subject>Fresnel zones</subject><subject>Global positioning systems</subject><subject>GPS</subject><subject>Height</subject><subject>In situ measurement</subject><subject>Reflectors</subject><subject>Satellite navigation systems</subject><subject>Signal quality</subject><issn>1794-6190</issn><issn>2339-3459</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNotkE9PAjEQxRujiYh-AG9NPC_273Z7JETRhIgRPTfd7hSW4C62BfXbW8DTvGReZt77IXRLyYhKIcp7iGE92rOyo6NKEcLP0IBxrgsupD5HA6q0KEqqySW6inFNiFSMyQGajzsMP1sI7Sd0yW5wgpiw7wNuIIFLbbfE4P1B7QEH8Jss83YF7XKV8HebVnj6usCLlzfc2GSv0YW3mwg3_3OIPh4f3idPxWw-fZ6MZ4VjhKdCydqJijHLdCOahnoGTnOlqtpa5z3TrNRQl5Rmey2t445Y7wQBKSvnK8-H6O50dxv6r13ObNb9LnT5peFEa6GIIDK76MnlQh9jTm-2uagNv4YSc-RmDtzMkZs5cuN_S21izA</recordid><startdate>20220511</startdate><enddate>20220511</enddate><creator>Tunalioglu, Nursu</creator><creator>Altuntas, Cemali</creator><general>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CLZPN</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220511</creationdate><title>An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data</title><author>Tunalioglu, Nursu ; Altuntas, Cemali</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Computation</topic><topic>Fresnel zones</topic><topic>Global positioning systems</topic><topic>GPS</topic><topic>Height</topic><topic>In situ measurement</topic><topic>Reflectors</topic><topic>Satellite navigation systems</topic><topic>Signal quality</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tunalioglu, Nursu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altuntas, Cemali</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Latin America & Iberia Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Earth sciences research journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tunalioglu, Nursu</au><au>Altuntas, Cemali</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data</atitle><jtitle>Earth sciences research journal</jtitle><date>2022-05-11</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>13</spage><epage>22</epage><pages>13-22</pages><issn>1794-6190</issn><eissn>2339-3459</eissn><abstract>This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from where the signal reflects on the ground and arrives at the GPS antenna phase center. To achieve that, an experimental case with two stations was conducted in the snow-free environment and GPS receivers were mounted on reflectors, which allowed to measure daily in-situ reflector heights and artificial decrement variations. The reflections from the roof surface were tracked with the first-Fresnel zones. To validate the estimated reflector heights in a controlled test environment, twelve different combinations within four simulated scenarios as a combination of decrement values have been implemented and accuracy analysis was performed. Here, a vertical shift procedure on reflectors was applied. Meanwhile, the vertical shift amount was tracked in each computation to determine which reflected signal could be able to use for assigning reflector height as effective. Comparisons of the estimated heights and in-situ measurements show congruency with ±1.2 cm to ±8 cm accuracy. The best overall accuracy of the model among the four scenarios is computed as ±2.2 cm. When the vertical shift decrements are considered, the RMSE values are estimated within ±2.92 cm to ±3.96 cm. Although the RMSEs of the differences show a good agreement with estimated reflector heights, it is found that some reflector height estimations are statistically insignificant.</abstract><cop>Bogata</cop><pub>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</pub><doi>10.15446/esrj.v26n1.87003</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1794-6190 |
ispartof | Earth sciences research journal, 2022-05, Vol.26 (1), p.13-22 |
issn | 1794-6190 2339-3459 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_3099470405 |
source | Publicly Available Content Database |
subjects | Accuracy Computation Fresnel zones Global positioning systems GPS Height In situ measurement Reflectors Satellite navigation systems Signal quality |
title | An experimental test for detecting effective reflector height with GPS SNR data |
url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T04%3A06%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An%20experimental%20test%20for%20detecting%20effective%20reflector%20height%20with%20GPS%20SNR%20data&rft.jtitle=Earth%20sciences%20research%20journal&rft.au=Tunalioglu,%20Nursu&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=13&rft.epage=22&rft.pages=13-22&rft.issn=1794-6190&rft.eissn=2339-3459&rft_id=info:doi/10.15446/esrj.v26n1.87003&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E3099470405%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c203t-75bc4822a29d4dd1f2ec93778baacff29269eb611c20b5ac3c0afc40e558cf8f3%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3099470405&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |