Analysis of the water‐energy‐carbon nexus for sustainable development of the selected industries

• Published in: Sustainable development (Bradford, West Yorkshire, England) West Yorkshire, England), 2024-10, Vol.32 (5), p.5836-5860
• Main Authors: Naing, Pyae Mon, Babel, Mukand S., Karthe, Daniel, Stamm, Jürgen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Automobile industry; Automobiles; Carbon; Carbon footprint; Cement; Cement industry; Emission analysis; emission reduction potential; Emissions; Emissions control; Energy; Energy consumption; Energy development; energy footprint; Energy usage; environmental policy; Footprint analysis; Greenhouse gases; Manufacturing; manufacturing industries; Manufacturing industry; Metal industry; Motor car industry; Motor cars; Motor vehicles; Plant layout; Production; Pulp & paper industry; Renewable energy; Steel; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Water; Water consumption; water footprint; Water use; water‐energy‐carbon nexus
• ISSN: 0968-0802; 1099-1719
• DOI: 10.1002/sd.2994

Industries consume 20% and 50% of global water and energy, contributing 25% of total greenhouse gas emissions. They strive to become more efficient in water and energy usage and reduce carbon emissions. This study analyzed water, energy, and carbon footprints of five manufacturing industries—automobile, cement, chemical, pulp and paper, and steel. Multi‐linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between production, water use, energy use, and carbon emission. The study also explored the potential to reduce carbon emissions by reducing water and energy usage. Among the selected industries, pulp and paper, and steel industries have higher water, energy, and carbon footprints. On average, it takes 5.58 m3 of water and 17.11 GJ of energy to produce a ton of paper, and 4.03 m3 of water and 19.52 GJ of energy to produce a ton of steel. The analysis also shows that water and energy use are closely related to production in all industries. Carbon emission is closely related to the production processes in cement, pulp and paper, and steel, and to reduce the emissions, both water and energy usage have to be reduced. The automobile industry has the highest potential to reduce carbon emissions by reducing water and energy uses, followed by steel and cement industries. By reducing 3% of their water and energy uses, automobile and steel industries, on average, have the potential to reduce 11% and 2.6% of their carbon emissions, respectively. The study explored the existing policies and recommendations for industries to achieve sustainable development goals.