Investigating the Effects of Temperature, Azodicarbonamide, Boron Nitride, and Multilayer Film/Foam Coextrusion on the Properties of a Poly(Hydroxyalkanoate)/Poly(Lactic acid) Blend

• Published in: Journal of polymers and the environment 2024-12, Vol.32 (12), p.6349-6374
• Main Authors: Yousefi, Amy M., Wnek, Gary E., Gomez Jimenez, Hector, Ghassemi, Hossein, Zhang, Jing
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biopolymers; Blending effects; Boron; Boron nitride; Calorimetry; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Coextrusion; Density; Design; Design analysis; Design of experiments; Design optimization; Differential scanning calorimetry; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology; Foaming; Foaming agents; Food packaging; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanical properties; Medical materials; Melt flow index; Multilayers; Original Paper; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Polylactic acid; Polymer Sciences; Polymers; Response surface methodology; Scanning electron microscopy; Surface analysis (chemical); Sustainable materials; Temperature effects; Tensile strength; Tensile tests; Thermogravimetric analysis; Toxicity
• ISSN: 1566-2543; 1572-8919
• DOI: 10.1007/s10924-024-03310-9

Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are emerging as sustainable materials in packaging and medical device industries. Nevertheless, the high cost and the need to improve the mechanical properties have limited their widespread use. Blending with other bio-based polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), has been proposed in previous studies. This study investigates the effects of temperature, azodicarbonamide (AZ, foaming agent), boron nitride (BN, filler), and multilayer film/foam coextrusion on the properties of a blend containing an amorphous PHA and PLA. The effect of twin-screw micro-compounder temperature (185 °C & 205 °C) and BN concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 wt% (185 °C) on the properties of the PHA/PLA blend were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing. Design of experiments (DoE) was used to find the optimal concentrations of AZ and BN (205 °C) using JMP® software. The response surface analysis predicted an optimal design based on the target response levels (modulus, tensile strength, strain at break, and toughness). This formulation was prepared and characterized using DSC, TGA, tensile, and melt flow index (MFI) measurements. Finally, this formulation was processed via film/foam coextrusion and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and density measurements. This study demonstrated that AZ and BN can be used to manipulate the mechanical properties and crystallinity of PHA/PLA blends, while reducing the overall material cost via density reduction (20–21% for the optimal formulation). Furthermore, reducing the concentration of AZ using the I-optimal design in this study could alleviate the toxicity concerns for food packaging.