Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption

• Published in: Electronics (Basel) 2025-01, Vol.14 (1), p.144
• Main Authors: Amezquita Garcia, José Alejandro, Bravo Zanoguera, Miguel E., Murrieta-Rico, Fabian N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biomechanics; Classification; Electronic systems; Energy harvesting; Energy resources; Energy storage; Human body; Medical devices; Medical equipment; Medical technology; Potential energy; Power management; Sensors; Wearable technology
• ISSN: 2079-9292; 2079-9292
• DOI: 10.3390/electronics14010144

Autonomous electronic systems are becoming increasingly important in people’s lives, as a result of advances in efficient energy storage systems, devices that can be permanently implanted in humans, and the trend towards compact devices that function as an extension of the human body. In addition, strategies continue to be found for the integration of energy harvesting in a constant and efficient manner. Covering the numerous advances made in biomedical devices can be quite overwhelming. This work presents a review of the latest strategies developed to produce energy from human body activity, the energy collectors for devices, and the strategies to create ultra-low-power wearable devices. The review focuses on the potential energy sufficiency required to power devices that can be implanted or worn, while also providing information about the patient’s condition. A comparison between the energies produced by different instruments and the improvements in the development of low-consumption devices is presented, with a focus on the type of medical devices. A new approach is established to classify and locate the most recent advances in autonomous systems in biomedicine based on their complexity/function.