Climate and predation dominate juvenile and adult recruitment in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination

• Published in: Ecology (Durham) 2010-10, Vol.91 (10), p.3016-3026
• Main Authors: Schwanz, Lisa E., Spencer, Ricky-John, Bowden, Rachel M., Janzen, Fredric J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amphibia. Reptilia; Animal and plant ecology; Animal nesting; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Annual variations; Biological and medical sciences; Breeding; Chrysemys picta; Climate; climate change; Climate effects; Climate models; Clutch size; Demographics; Demography; Ecological effects; Environmental conservation; environmental sex determination; Female; Female animals; Females; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gender; General aspects; Genotype & phenotype; Growth rate; Hatching; Juveniles; Mississippi River; Nests; painted turtle; Phenotypes; Phenotypic variations; Population; Population Dynamics; Population ecology; Population growth; Predation; Predatory Behavior; Recruitment; Reptiles & amphibians; Sex; sex allocation; Sex determination; Sex Differentiation - physiology; Sex ratio; stochastic fluctuation; Stochasticity; Temperature; Temperature dependence; Temperature effects; Temporal variations; Thomson Causeway Recreation Area; Turtles; Turtles - physiology; USA; Vegetation cover; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution
• ISSN: 0012-9658; 1939-9170
• DOI: 10.1890/09-1149.1

Conditions experienced early in life can influence phenotypes in ecologically important ways, as exemplified by organisms with environmental sex determination. For organisms with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), variation in nest temperatures induces phenotypic variation that could impact population growth rates. In environments that vary over space and time, how does this variation influence key demographic parameters (cohort sex ratio and hatchling recruitment) in early life stages of populations exhibiting TSD? We leverage a 17-year data set on a population of painted turtles, Chrysemys picta , to investigate how spatial variation in nest vegetation cover and temporal variation in climate influence early life-history demography. We found that spatial variation in nest cover strongly influenced nest temperature and sex ratio, but was not correlated with clutch size, nest predation, total nest failure, or hatching success. Temporal variation in climate influenced percentage of total nest failure and cohort sex ratio, but not depredation rate, mean clutch size, or mean hatching success. Total hatchling recruitment in a year was influenced primarily by temporal variation in climate-independent factors, number of nests constructed, and depredation rate. Recruitment of female hatchlings was determined by stochastic variation in nest depredation and annual climate and also by the total nest production. Overall population demography depends more strongly on annual variation in climate and predation than it does on the intricacies of nest-specific biology. Finally, we demonstrate that recruitment of female hatchlings translates into recruitment of breeding females into the population, thus linking climate (and other) effects on early life stages to adult demographics.